多數債務人之研究 -以聯合國商事契約通則(PICC)為中心

Abstract

多數債務人關係在學術研究方面之理論建構涉及高度抽象、模糊與複雜之概念， 因此，長久以來比較法上的文獻討論較少。然而，多數債務人關係在商事交易實 務上並不少見，且具有相當之重要性。對交易實務界的契約當事人而言，多數債 務人關係抽象而複雜之學術爭辯並不是其等關心的事項，其等希冀的僅為一組具 體而明確的規範。2003 年以降，歐洲契約法原則、歐洲學術版共同參考架構草案 以及聯合國商事契約通則陸續將多數債務人納入規範體系，主要即是為回應此等 實務界之需求。本文之目的即在於分析此等當代國際文件就多數債務人制度之設 計，期能提供我國商事交易實務界以及立法者參考。再者，因三份國際文件就多 數債務人之規範大致相同，且本文希望能聚焦於實務上最常見亦最重要的基於契 約而生的多數債務人關係之上，故本文選擇以聯合國商事契約通則為主，歐洲契 約法原則與歐洲學術版共同參考架構草案為輔，探討現代國際示範法規下，多數 債務人關係之規範體系與模式之設計。

The subject of plurality of obligors/debtors has long been admitted as abstract, confusing and complex, as a result, comparative studies regarding the subject were fewer in numbers than other domains of private law studies. Nevertheless, plurality of obligors is far from rare in the practice field of transaction. For the contracting parties of plurality obligors, the conceptual and difficult debates of the academic field is not of their concern, rather, the parties may be more interested in a set of applicable and clear provisions regarding their legal relationship. Responding to the call of the practice field, the 2003 Principles of European Contract Laws opens a movement of including the subject into the regime of international uniform law instruments that was followed by the 2009 Draft Common Frame of Reference and the 2010 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. The aim of this article is to exaimine the modern regulations of plurality of obligors within the scope of international uniform law instruments in hope of providing a new outlook for the practice field and legislators of this nation. Moreover, the article would put extra attention on the UNIDROIT Principles as it is tailored for the construction of contractual plurality of obligors which is the most common and important type of plurality of obligors in practice.