克赤海峽衝突事件之國際法議題

Abstract

2018年11月24日爆發了克赤海峽衝突事件。俄羅斯和烏克蘭在克赤海峽一帶展開了一系列衝撞，開火等武力對抗。隨後俄羅斯強制扣押了烏克蘭軍艦上的水手和船艦。烏克蘭就本次事件尋求國際海洋法的協助。本次事件可以追溯至俄羅斯烏克蘭的歷史積怨，克里米亞半島的兼併以及頓巴斯戰爭，而現今俄羅斯亦在2022年2月對烏克蘭展開入侵。 本文希望透過分析俄羅斯與烏克蘭在克里米亞半島的衝突背景，延伸到克赤海峽的海域法律定性分析，並試圖從兩國之間簽署的條約或《海洋法公約》系統觀察在各種海域法律定性下烏克蘭軍艦所可能適用的通行制度。再針對2019年仲裁庭對本案的臨時措施裁決，討論在克赤海峽的兩軍衝突事件的本案管轄權是否應被《海洋法公約》第298條第1項（b）款所排除，試圖研究第298條的排除管轄例外在本案的適用，並嘗試找尋本案仲裁庭其他的判決方式。

On November 24, 2018, the Kerch Strait conflict broke out. Russia and Ukraine launched a series of collisions, firing and other armed confrontations occurred in the Kerch Strait. Russia then forcibly seized the sailors and ships of the Ukrainian warship. Ukraine has sought the assistance of international law of the sea regarding this incident. This incident can be traced back to the historical grievances of Russia and Ukraine, the annexation of the Crimea Peninsula and the Donbass War, and now Russia has also launched an invasion of Ukraine since February 2022. The study aims to analyze the background of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in the Crimea Peninsula, delicated to analyze the sea area in the Kerch Strait, and tries to systematically observe the law in various sea areas from the treaties signed between the two countries or under the provisions of the UNCLOS. At the same time, it tries to search qualification of the passage system that may be applicable to Ukrainian warships. Then, the study focuses on the 2019 arbitral tribunal’s ruling on provisional measures in this case, discusses whether the jurisdiction of this case over the conflict between the two armies in the Kerch Strait should be excluded by Article 298, paragraph 1 (b) of the UNCLOS, tries to study the application of jurisdictional exceptions (Article 298) in this case, and tries to find other ways for the arbitral tribunal to make a judgment.