形續魂猶存：臺灣傳統寺廟的工業化營造

Abstract

當代寺廟營造方法與傳統手工藝生產方式已有所不同，本研究針對民間信仰寺廟建築營造體系的轉變進行探究。營造方法的工業化是建築現代化發展的必經環節，建築形式也隨著工業化和社會結構的變遷一起更迭。然而，寺廟建築保留了部分前現代的生產方式，它在經濟面與工業化技術接軌，在文化面卻少有轉變，不但維持著傳統的形制，也持續象徵著漢人宗教信仰的靈驗力量。作為宗教文化的物質基礎，寺廟營造體系展現了它的文化慣性，而使之存續於現代社會之中的慣性如何形成，是本研究所關注的核心。臺灣目前的寺廟營造產業，可分為幾種不同類型，除了少數的傳統工匠仍以手工藝進行精緻的寺廟興築，多數的營造需求都由流水線化的預鑄工廠，或者接合傳統與現代生產模式的工程公司供應。筆者於2020年7月至2022年2月間，藉由訪談5位傳統手工藝匠司和7位寺廟營造業者，透過觀察工廠以及工地的現場，理解工業化寺廟生產過程，探詢寺廟營造體系從傳統到現代的轉變。文中以三間主要的寺廟營造公司為例，說明工業化生產模式的細節。這些生產部門在現代營造體系中，介於正式與非正式之間，筆者將之定義為「亞正式部門」，從中討論手工藝與工業化技術的連屬，以及從工匠到工人的勞動模式轉換。生產端的寺廟營造過程具有「古今連屬」的特徵，換言之，工業化資本主義化的社會結構改變，並不會完全吞噬前現代生產方式，而是呈現拆解之後重新整編的狀態。除了生產端之外，筆者也從消費端的業主群體中，訪談多位廟方業主和信眾，梳理出靈驗力量與營造體系之關係，並以宗教研究中「靈力經濟」的立場，理解民間信仰的靈驗性質。靈驗的生產需要人力、物力等世俗要素的積累及動員，寺廟經營者需要在不斷擴張經營規模以及營造成本之間協商，才能以最有效的方式維繫寺廟的經營，成就靈驗力量的存續。因此，本研究關注寺廟經營者如何透過議程設定和「婉飾」來挪用神旨，進而中介世俗的經濟考量以及神聖的靈驗力量，使得寺廟營造之正當性得以成立。綜而言之，生產端的營造業者與消費端的廟方信眾，在作為經濟的「形」與作為文化的「魂」二者之相互作用中，組成了「靈力的空間生產」，並以互為表裡的狀態成就了「形續魂猶存」的當代臺灣寺廟營造體系。

Contemporary temple construction methods are different from traditional handicraft production methods, and this study explores the changes in the construction system of folk faith temple buildings. The industrialization of construction methods is a necessary part of the modernization of architecture, and architectural forms have changed along with industrialization and changes in social structure. However, temples retain some of their pre-modern production methods, and while it is economically aligned with industrialized construction, it has rarely changed culturally, not only maintaining their traditional form but also continuing to symbolize the divinity power of Han Chinese religious beliefs. As the material basis of religious culture, the temple construction system exhibits its cultural inertia, and the formation of the inertia that allows it to survive in modern society is the core concern of this study. The temple construction industry in Taiwan can be divided into several different types, except for a few traditional crafts who still perform delicate temple construction by hand, most of the construction needs are supplied by assembly line pre-casting factories or companies that combine traditional and modern production models. From July 2020 to February 2022, the author interviewed five traditional artisans and seven temple builders to understand the industrial temple production process and explore the transformation of the temple construction system from traditional to modern by observing the production sites in factories and construction sites. Three major temple construction companies are used as examples to illustrate the details of the industrialized production model. These production departments are between formal and informal in the modern construction system, and the author defines them as 'sub-formal departments' to discuss the linkage between handicraft and industrial technology, and the transformation of labor patterns from artisan to worker. In other words, the social structural changes of industrialized capitalism do not completely swallow up the former modern production methods, but rather present a state of conservation and restructuring. In addition to the production side, the author also interviewed a number of temple operators and believers from the consumer side to sort out the relationship between the power of divinity and the construction system, and to understand the folk beliefs from the standpoint of 'divinity economy' in religious studies. The production of divinity power requires the accumulation and mobilization of secular elements such as human and material resources, and temple operators need to negotiate between the continuous expansion of the scale of operation and the cost of operation in order to maintain the operation of temples in the most effective way and to achieve the survival of divinity power. Therefore, this study is concerned with how temple operators appropriated the divine will through agenda setting and 'euphemism' to mediate between secular economic considerations and divine spiritual power in order to establish the legitimacy of temple construction. In sum, the interaction between the builders on the production side and the temple worshippers on the consumption side, as the 'form' of economy and the 'divinity' of culture, forms the 'space production of divinity power', and the contemporary temple building system in Taiwan, in which 'The Form Continues, the Divinity Still Exists ', is achieved by the state of mutual representation.