《海道記》《東關紀行》中的風景─以「八橋」、「富士山」、「鎌倉」為中心

Abstract

縱觀日本文學史，日本的紀行文學大抵自鎌倉時代開始形成，其中以《海道記》和《東關紀行》尤為知名。這兩部作品皆為從京都開始，經東海道到鎌倉的旅行紀錄。本研究主旨是透過日本中世時期《海道記》和《東關紀行》文本，考察作者的寫作動機，比較兩部作品的價值觀。再透過作品中對「八橋」、「富士山」、「鎌倉」等地的描述，探究中世時期是如何看待這些地方風景。 就考察的結果來說，《海道記》和《東關紀行》中的「八橋」，繼承了《伊勢物語》中「八橋─杜若─旅愁」的概念，又各自發展出「八橋─昇仙橋─理想」、「八橋─源義種─想見的人」的意象。有關對「富士山」描寫，《海道記》是把本地垂跡說和淺間信仰融合起來，轉化了《古今和歌集》中富士山的戀歌，並重述《竹取物語》中富士山的描寫，強調「人的愛戀之煙」的意象。另一方面，《東關紀行》中的富士山，則是強調「異鄉之山」、「仙山之山」的形象。 此外，對於「鎌倉」的書寫，《海道記》的作者參觀了鶴岡八幡宮、永福寺、勝長壽院等寺廟後，再次喚起對佛法的信仰之心。《東關紀行》的作者則是看了鎌倉大佛後，對於佛陀以暫時的形式出現在這裡感到不可思議。對《東關紀行》的作者來說，「鎌倉」即是神佛化身的證明，也是讓自己思鄉的城鎮。

Throughout the history of Japanese literature, Japanese travel literature emerged around the Kamakura period, among which Kaido-ki (海道記) and Tōkan Kikō (東關紀行) were two particularly notable works. Both works recorded travels from Kyoto to Kamakura via the Tōkaidō (eastern sea route). The present study aims to, by examining the texts of Kaido-ki and Tōkan Kikō written in medieval Japan, investigate the authors’ motivations for writing and compare the values manifested in the two works. Further, based on the depictions of places like Yatsuhashi, Mount Fuji, and Kamakura presented in the works, this study explores how the landscapes at these places were viewed during the medieval period. According to the results of the investigation, the Yatushashi landscapes portrayed in Kaido-ki and Tōkan Kikō inherited the concept of “Yatsuhashi – kakitsubata – melancholy during travel” in Ise Monogatari (伊勢物語) while further developing the imagery of “Yatsuhasi – Shōsenkyō Bridge – ideality” and that of “Yatsuhashi – Minamoto no Yositane – the most missed one,” respectively. As regards the portrayal of Mount Fuji, Kaido-ki integrated the Honjisuijaku thought. Sengen belief transformed the Mount Fuji-themed love songs in Kokin Wakashu (古今和歌集) and quoted the depictions of Mount Fuji in Taketori Monogatari (竹取物語) to emphasize the imagery of the “smoke of human love.” On the other hand, Tōkan Kikō portrayed Mount Fuji with a focus on its images as a “mountain in a strange land” and an “immortal mountain.” In addition, for the writing of Kamakura, the author of Kaido-ki recovered his faith in Buddhism after visiting temples such as Tsurugaoka Hachimangu, Eifukuji Temple, and Shochojuin Temple, whereas the author of Tōkan Kikō felt amazed at the Buddha’s presence in a brief form after viewing the Great Buddha of Kamakura. For the author of Tōkan Kikō, “Kamakura” represented proof of the incarnation of Buddhist deities and also a town that filled him with nostalgia for his hometown.