高齡志工與活躍老化: 以社區照顧關懷據點為觀察場域

Abstract

我國65歲以上高齡人口佔總人口比例已於2018年突破14%進入高齡社會，並預計於2025年突破20%成為超高齡社會。針對社會中八成以上的健康、亞健康高齡者，我國提出以高齡社會全照顧系統因應，透過健康促進、提升社會參與及終身學習來達成使其健康老化、活躍老化的政策目標，〈建立社區照顧關懷據點實施計畫〉因應而生。 社區照顧關懷據點透過餐食服務與健康促進活動來促進其身體健康、獲取健康新知、並擴展高齡者的社會網絡，其中大量使用高齡志工人力的據點本質更符合了世界衛生組織提出活躍老化概念中所推廣積極的志願服務參與。據點內具備志工身份的高齡者在活躍老化程度的感受上是否優於一般據點使用者為本論文之核心研究問題。 本文透過問卷調查法調查共102位高齡者，其中17位同時具有志工身份。透過t檢定、單因子變異數分析與次序羅吉斯迴歸模型檢定高齡參與者人口學特質、參與頻率與是否具備志工身份對其活躍老化程度是否帶來不同的影響。 研究結果發現，性別、年齡、教育程度、獨居與否和自覺經濟狀況在參與據點後的感受並無顯著差異。隨著參與據點年數的提升，高齡者對在據點中感受社會網絡擴展的強度越高；參加健康促進活動頻率越高的高齡者，認為自己能獨立完成更多事、有目標且將據點視為可表現的空間，達顯著差異，但在共餐的使用上則偏向有使用就有較佳的感受。 最後，擔任志工在活躍老化的感受上則全面性地比一般使用者來得更好，顯示在據點內擔任志工有助於高齡者的活躍老化。唯研究同時發現高齡志工在服務年資、服務時數上有其上限，服務年資小於3年、週服務時數小於6小時的高齡者為感受最佳的一群，其次為服務年資超過3年、週服務時數大於6小時，最後則為一般參與者。對此，本文認為在推廣據點內高齡志工參與時，廣招高齡志工會更能同時照顧到高齡者和關懷據點的服務提供——高齡者能利用適當的志願服務時數提升其活躍老化感受，關懷據點能則透過廣招不同類型的志工來多樣化服務及課程的內容。

The proportion of the elderly population aged above 65 in Taiwan (R.O.C) has exceeded 14 percent in 2018 and is expected to surpass 20 percent in 2025. In response, the government had proposed an all-inclusive care system of aged society to provide preventive health care service for over 80% of elderly in healthy/sub-healthy condition, which aims to promote their health condition, social participation, and lifelong learning. Community Care Station is therefore provided to promote health status, gain health information, and expand the social network of the elderly through congregate meal program and health promotion activities. The core research question of this thesis is whether the elderly who participate in volunteering reach a higher level of active ageing status than the general users. This study investigated 102 elderly people through questionnaire, 17 of whom participated in volunteering. T-test, one-way ANOVA and ordered logistic regression were used to examine the effects of demographic variables, frequency of uses of the service and volunteering on active aging. The results showed that there were no significant differences in gender, age, educational level, living status, and perceived financial status after participating in the Community Care Station program. As the elderly kept participating in the program, they had more social connections to others. The higher frequency the elderly participated in health promotion activities, the more they felt they could accomplish things independently, had goals and considered the station as a stage where they could make best use of their former experiences and abilities. As the congregate meal program, those who having meals in the station had better feelings than the non-users regardless of the frequency. Finally, the elderly volunteers’ overall feeling of active aging was better than that of the general users, indicating that volunteering in the station improved the level of the active aging to the elderly. However, the study also found the elderly volunteers had the upper limit of service years and service hours per week. Those with volunteering experiences in stations less than 3 years and work less than 6 hours per week ranked the highest score than those who work more or didn’t participate in volunteering. In conclusion, it is suggested that the station can widely recruit the elderly in the station to participate in volunteering work with appropriate volunteering period of time and hours per week. In this way, the elderly can improve their sense of active ageing, and that the stations can recruit different types of volunteers with different life experiences to provide services and activities in diverse ways.