從告身到法書：徐浩〈朱巨川告身〉卷研究

Abstract

（傳）徐浩〈朱巨川告身〉卷現藏於國立故宮博物院，為唐代朝廷任命朱巨川（725-783）為大理評事兼豪州鍾離縣令的公文書，書寫於唐代宗大曆三年（768），其書風端正渾厚，是重要且珍稀的傳世唐代法書代表之一，在後代流傳甚廣。 此卷備受歷史學界與書法史學界關注，前者主要從古文書學與唐代制度史的角度出發，將之與出土材料互證；後者則關注書者是否確為徐浩（703-782）。然而關於此卷的格式、內容、書法風格以及鑑藏史等各方面，尚未有深入而整體的探討。特別是此卷的性質有別於其他唐代書法作品，它原是一件公文書，經由歷代鑑藏家的逐步建構，才轉變為備受尊崇的法書。在這漫長的過程中，元代是關鍵的轉變期，書家鮮于樞（1246-1302）尤其扮演了極為重要的角色，然此面相至今仍未見充分討論。 本文從〈朱巨川告身〉卷作為公文書的層面切入，藉由唐代告身制度與其他告身材料確定此卷的可靠性，並分析與考證此卷的現狀、形式與內容；接著擴展到書風與書者的問題，將此卷放在盛、中唐時期的書史脈絡下尋找其定位，不僅分析此卷與當時的朝廷書家書風之關係，並比較它與傳稱書者徐浩的書風之異同。最後，筆者梳理此卷在宋元明清歷代的遞藏情形，並從接受史的角度探討此卷之書史地位建構的過程。本文嘗試解決過去學界對此卷格式、內容、書者與書風的爭議，更期望能補充對此卷性質轉變與書史地位建構過程的認識，以開啟更寬廣的研究視野。

This thesis explores The Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan, attributed to Xu Hao (703-782), a scroll currently preserved in the National Palace Museum, Taiwan. This work is an official document, recording the appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan (725-783) by the court, as case reviewer in the Court of Judicial Review and magistrate of Zhongli county in Haozhou. Written in 768 AD, the third year of the Dali era under the reign of emperor Daizong of Tang Dynasty, the work was distinguished by its upright and vigorous brushwork. As an important and rare example in the history of Tang Dynasty calligraphy, the Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan had been well collected and reproduced in the following centuries. Modern scholars have paid attention to The Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan from the following perspectives. From an institutional historical view, scholars compared transmitted documents with excavated manuscripts to confirm the ancient administration system. From the perspective of the history of calligraphy, scholars mainly focused on the problems related to authorship and authenticity. Relatively, no comprehensive and deep research about the form, content, calligraphy style and connoisseurship of the work had been done until now. Originally composed as an official document, the work was appreciated instead as a calligraphic masterpiece through the gradual reconstruction of later connoisseurship. This transformative role played by The Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan, from bureaucratic to aesthetic, differentiated to work from other calligraphy works in the Tang dynasty. In this process of reconstruction, Yuan dynasty was a critical jumping-off point, in which Xian-yu Shu (1246-1302), a renowned calligrapher, played a crucial role. This paper will first treat the Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan as an official document, and examines its form, by using other available sources such as gaoshen (the appointment) documents. It then proceeds to discuss the style of calligraphy and authorship, by putting the work back to the context of calligraphy history in the High and Middle Tang period: the stylistic relationship between this work with both works by Xu himself and other court artists. Finally, this paper summarizes the collecting history of the Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan’s in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasty. Focusing on the perception of the work, it explores the constructing process of the work’s position in calligraphy history. This paper tries to solve the debates over the form, content, authorship and calligraphy style of the Appointment of Zhu Ju-chuan, in the hope to develop an awareness of how it was constructed as an important work through history.