幫助犯的不法歸責──以中性幫助行為為中心

Abstract

在刑法歸責的基本問題當中，中性幫助行為（neutrale Beihilfe）的問題，不論在實務上或者學理上都具有高度的重要性。不過，對於此一問題的看法迄今仍然眾說紛紜。其中，儘管由德國法學者Roxin所提倡的犯罪意義關連（deliktischer Sinnbezug）佔據了主導性的地位，然而有關客觀不法與主觀不法之間的古老論爭仍持續延燒至今。有關客觀說與主觀說的區分與標示，其實也是多數論者在處理此一問題所傾向採取的認識論與方法論。有鑑於此一區分與標示受到存有論的牽制，欠缺規範論的思考，本篇論文旨在重新提出一組理解此一課題的認識模型，並且重新構思一套與此相應的規範框架。本於角色理論式的法哲學立場，筆者將從非容許行為（das unerlaubte Verhalten）的理論視角出發，運用迴避可能性（Vermeidbarkeit）以及行為容許性（Erlaubtheit）這兩組概念來重構中性幫助行為所涉及的規範性要件。

Amid all fundamental problems of criminal attribution, the problem of “neutral aid” plays an important role both in judicial practice and in academic theory. However, the solution to the problem has varied so far. Even though “the criminal context,” the approach suggested by Roxin, prevails, the long-lasting concurrence between objective imputation and subjective imputation remains. Actually, the distinction and indication of subjective theory and objective theory are also the most widely-accepted epistemology and methodology of the problem. In view of their ontological limitation and their normative deficiency, the purpose of the thesis is to reveal a new framework, not only to reconsider the problem, but also to propose a new solution. In the light of the legal philosophy of role theory, the author suggests that on the basis of the theory of “illegal danger creation,” both “avoidability” and “permittedness” can be used to reconstruct the normative structure of neutral aid.