國內營造業技術工缺工問題之研究

Abstract

近年來國內傳統產業時常聽聞有勞動力短缺的情況發生，尤其是營造業之建築工地常因勞動力不足，造成承攬的工程無法如期完工，已嚴重影響營造業經營績效及發展。營造工地向來具有辛苦、骯髒及危險的特性，營造工人長時間在戶外炎熱酷寒的環境下工作，新一代年輕人對於從事營造業裹足不前，造成目前營造業勞動力短缺，其中又以專業技術工短缺的問題影響最鉅。 本研究針對營造業技術工需求面分析，探討技術工之缺工情況，再針對營造業技術工供給面分析，探討技術工之供給來源及缺工因素。探討結果得知，多數目前在營造業從業的技術工，當年係以師徒方式入行，此族群以嬰兒潮時期誕生之新生兒為最大宗，目前此族群之技術工已陸續退休，多數的年輕人又不願從事技術工的工作，新進的勞動力勢必無法補足營造工地的需求。 基於上述分析，本研究研擬因應對策如下：(一)推行建築工業化，並導入建築資訊模型 (BIM) 技術，以產業技術升級的方式，來解決目前營造業技術工短缺的問題。(二)發展預鑄工法，建議政府及營造業積極推動建築工業化、營建自動化，減少對勞動力的需求，改善營造工地的工作環境，才能提升營造業的生產力，進而提升國家的競爭力。

In recent years, the shortage of labor in all traditional industries in Taiwan has been emerging. Especially, for the construction industry, the contracted projects failed to be completed as scheduled due to insufficient workforce. This has significantly impacted the operation and advancement of the construction industry. Working on a construction site usually entails strenuous, dirty and perilous tasks and workers are obliged to toil all day, rain or shine. Young people shy away from the construction industry, resulting in the labor shortage. Among all, the most acute problem is the lack of skilled workers. This study focuses on analyzing the demand for skilled workers, the phenomenon of the shortage, and the supply of manpower, in order to probe into the root causes of the shortage. Most of the skilled workers entered the construction business through apprenticeship and the majority of them are Baby Boomers, who have gradually phased out of the workforce. The demand can’t be filled without having young people joining in. Based on the above analysis, this thesis proposes two solutions. First, promote industrialization in construction and implement the Building Information Modeling (BIM) technique. By advancing technologies, the shortfall of skilled labor can be managed. Second, develop a module pre-casting system. It’s suggested that government and builders proactively industrialize construction and increase automation in order to reduce the labor required. Only when the working environment is improved, can the productivity of the construction industry be enhanced so as to elevate the competitiveness of Taiwan’s industry.