三種山茶屬種子油含量與脂肪酸組成之季節性變化及溫度對茶樹生長發育之影響

Abstract

一、三種山茶屬種子油脂組成 本試驗比較三種山茶屬作物，果實生長和種子油脂中脂肪酸組成之季節性變化，推論三種山茶屬作物之最佳採收適期，以供產業未來參考之依據。三種山茶屬作物果實生長期相似，一月至三月為第一次快速生長期，三、四月則是果實生長停滯期，五月之後進行第二次快速生長，八月後趨於緩和。以結果的果實心室數與種子數看，3-1大果油茶果實以三個心室與三個種子數最多，最多可達五個心室，種子最高可達八顆；4-3小果油茶以二個心室和二顆種子數最多，最多可達四個心室，種子最高可達四顆；4-10小果油茶則以以二個心室和一顆種子數最多，最多可達三個心室，種子最高可達三顆種子。三種茶屬作物種子的含油量，均會隨果實成熟度提高而增加，3-1大果油茶果實進入十月後成熟，含油率高達32.11 %，4-3小果油茶和4-10小果油茶進入十一月後才開始裂果，含油率分別為46.95 %和32.46 %，臺茶12號含油率約31.64 %，青心烏龍含油率約32.24 %，明顯以小果油茶含油率最高，茶樹與大果油茶含油量差異不大。三種山茶屬作物種子脂肪酸均以油酸最高，大果油茶成熟種子脂肪酸組成比例為(C18：1) 70.54 %，亞油酸(C18：2) 佔13.54 %，硬脂酸(C18：0) 佔2.14 %，棕梠酸(C16：0) 13.64 %及微量其餘脂肪酸0.37 %； 4-3小果油茶脂肪酸組成比例為油酸81.69 %，亞油酸佔1.81%，硬脂酸佔3.68 %，棕梠酸12.48 %及微量其餘脂肪酸0.37 %，4-10小果油茶種子脂肪酸組成比例與4-3小果油茶相似，臺茶12號成熟種子脂肪酸組成為油酸佔52.91 %，亞油酸佔26.62 %，硬脂酸佔4.43 %，棕梠酸14.88 %及微量其餘脂肪酸1.15 %，青心烏龍脂肪酸組成與臺茶12號相似。兩種油茶的單元不飽和脂肪酸比例遠高於茶樹，但多元不飽和脂肪酸則是茶樹最高。以2017年植株生長狀況和油品分析研判，大果油茶應在10月1日-10月15日為最佳採收期，小果油茶在11月2日-11月16日為最佳採收適期，茶樹果實則在11月後即可採收。 二、溫度對茶樹生長發育之影響 本試驗探討溫度及疏花處理對茶樹生長發育之影響，以提供茶園栽培管理之參考。試驗材料為臺茶12號，臺茶12號在各溫度處理中，枝條皆抽二至三次梢，

第一次梢長度以30/25℃處理者最長，但是第二次梢長度則以20/15℃處理者最長；30/25℃處理之葉片數最多，25/20℃處理葉片數最少。30/25℃和20/15℃處理的新葉鮮重最重，新梢鮮重以30/25℃處理最重，25/20℃處理鮮重最低， 20/15℃處理的根鮮重顯著高於其餘處理，經過疏花處理植株比未疏花植株明顯較高，顯示疏花有利於茶樹枝條生長。茶樹於30/25℃處理的新葉，氮含量遠高於其餘部位；磷在茶樹各部位中，20/15℃處理者含量最高；鈣和鎂在茶樹各部位中，以30/25℃及25/20℃處理中較高，鉀在各溫度處理中，以新葉及根中含量較高。疏花處理對茶樹營養元素含量影響較小。碳水化合物常與植株開花有密切關係，在十月底後，30/25℃及25/20℃均有花蕾產生，25/20℃處理茶樹在十二月底進入盛花期，但是30/25℃處理的花蕾發育緩慢，且部分敗育，因此30/25℃處理在新葉及新梢部位有較高可溶性醣，25/20℃處理的花蕾盡數開花，導致其澱粉和碳水化合物含量低於其他處理，澱粉則以20/15℃處理之新葉與新梢最高。另外，戶外對照植株在一月中旬花苞發育，因此造成成熟莖、成熟葉和根的總碳水化合物含量均高於其餘處理，由上述結果得知，疏花與否對茶樹碳水化合物並無太大影響，主要影響因子是開花期及溫度。

Camellia oleifera Abel. and Camellia tenuifolia are the main economic lines of Taiwan tea oil products. The seeds are rich in oil. Oil tea is one of the four edible oil woody plants in the world. The tea oil which is pressed from the tea tree seeds is also quite popular in Taiwan. This experiment compares the growth of fruits and the composition of fatty acids in three Camellia seed. The growth period of the three Camellia plants is similar. The first rapid growth from January to March. The fruit rapid growth period was in March and April, and the second rapid growth was after May. The growth of the three Camellia plants were stoped gradurally after Auguest. For the number of ventricles and seeds of fruits, most of line 3-1 large fruit oil tea fruit has three carpels and three seeds, the maximum number of carpels were five with eight seeds. Most of line 4-3 small fruit oil tea fruit have two carpels and two seeds, the maximum number of carpels were four with four seeds. Most of line 4-10 small fruit oil tea fruit have two carpels and one seeds, the maximum number of carpels were three with three seeds. Further, analysis of the oil content and fatty acid composition of three Camellia plants. Seed oil content increased gradually following by seed maturation. 3-1 large fruit oil tea fruit matures in October, the oil content is about 32.11 %, 4-3 small fruit oil tea and 4 -10 small fruit oil tea fruit start to crack fruit in November, the oil content was 46.95 % and 32.46 % respectively, the oil content of TTES NO. 12 fruit was about 31.64 %, and the oil content of Chin Shing Oolong fruit was about 32.24 %. The oil content of Camellia tenuifolia is the highest, and the oil content of tea tree and Camellia oleifera Abel is about the same. The highest fatty acid of both of three tea Camellia lines were oleic acid. The content of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid decreased, and the content of linoleic acid also decreased, just before the fruit was mature. The ratio of fatty acid composition of large fruit oil tea seed was oleic acid (C18:1) 70.54 %, linoleic acid (C18:2) accounted for 13.54 %, stearic acid (C18:0) accounted for 2.14 %, palmitic acid (C16:0) 13.64 % and other fatty acid 0.37 %; Line 4-3 small fruit oil tea fruit is mainly composed of oleic acid (C18:1) 81.69 % , 1.81% for linoleic acid (C18:2), 3.68 % for stearic acid (C18:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) 12.48 % and other fatty acid 0.37 %, Fatty acid composition of line 4-3 small fruit oil tea fruit is similar to line 4-10 small fruit tea. showing that the small fruit oil tea before the fruit cracking, the proportion of linoleic acid will drop sharply, but the content of oleic acid is still rising slowly in fact. When the tea tree fruit matured in November, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to linoleic acid decreased. TTES NO.12 seed composed of 52.91% oleic acid (C18:1), 26.62 %linoleic acid (C18:2), 4.43 % stearic acid (C18:0), 14.88 % palmitic acid (C16:0), and 1.15 % other fatty acid. The fatty acid composition of Chin Shin Oolong seed was similar to that of TTES No.12. The proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in Camellia oleifera was higher than that in tea trees seed, but polyunsaturated fatty acids are the highest in tea trees. Based on the plant growth status and oil analysis in 2017, the optimum fruit harvest season of large fruit oil tea fruit should between Oct. 1st to 15th, and the line 4-3 and 4-10 small fruit oil tea fruit should between Nov. 2nd to 16th, tea tree will be after November. Although flowering of tea tree is a normal growth phenomenon, many flower buds will affected the quality and yield. Therefore, this study aims to explore how temperature and thinning flowers affects the growth of tea trees. The experiment materials is TTES No.12. The branches were flushed twice or three times. Plants under 30/25℃ condition had longest first flush, while the longest second flushes was under 20/15 °C. The largest number of leaves was under 30/25 °C, and the lowest number of leaves was under 25/20 °C. Plant under 30/25℃and 20/15℃ had the heaviest fresh weight of the new leaves, and plant under 30/25℃ had the heaviest fresh weight of flushes. While the fresh weight of new leaves at 25/20°C is the lowest, and the fresh weight of roots at 20/15°C is higher than other treatments. Compared with other temperature treatments, the plants treated by flower thinning is significantly higher than the mon-thinning plants, indicating that the flowering had a better effect on the growth of tea shoots. The nitrogen content of 30/25℃ tea tree is much higher than other treatments; Phosphorus is the highest at 20/15℃ in all parts of tea tree; Calcium and magnesium are higher in all parts of tea tree at 30/25 °C and 25/20℃. Ptassium content of new leaves and roots is higher than other parts in all treatment. The effect of flower thinning on the content of nutrient elements in tea trees is less than temperature treatment. Carbohydrates content are closely related to plant flowering. After the end of October, flower burst on the plant under at 30/25℃and 25/20℃. The 25/20℃treatment of tea tree enters to flowering stage at the end of the December. The 25/20℃treatment of flower buds of tea tree are still slowly developing and even aborted. Therefore, the treatment at 30/25℃ has higher soluble sugar content in the new leaves and new shoots, and the flower buds treated at 25/20 ℃ are flowering, resulting in lower starch and total carbohydrate content. For other treatments, the starch of new leaves and shoots treated at 20/15 °C were the highest. In addition, the flower bud of field control plants developed gradually in the January, causing the total carbohydrate content of mature stems, mature leaves and roots to be higher than other treatments. From the above results, it is known that the thinning flowers has no effect on carbohydrates content of tea trees, mainly result by flowering period and temperature.