廢棄彈藥銷燬場及射擊靶場土壤重金屬污染探討

Abstract

美國國家環境保護局在2005年文刊中指出，火炸藥類物質為軍事場址特有之污染物，依據國外文獻資料，火炸藥類物質主要出現於兵工廠、彈藥裝填、組裝或包裝廠、軍火庫、彈藥庫、露天炸燬及露天銷燬場、靶場的目標區、廢彈處理場、輕兵器訓練靶場及軍械測試設施。 本篇論文針對上述場址選擇露天銷燬場及靶場來做研究，而土壤的重金屬物質污染種類，則視場址中銷燬及射擊的武器彈藥種類而定；舉例來說，若是用以露天銷燬場，土壤中重金屬源為廢棄彈藥及彈藥整修所拆卸下來的火工零附件，而輕兵器靶場則為輕兵器彈藥射擊後所殘留的彈頭及彈殼。 廢棄彈藥係指不能適用原定用途，或不能作任何有效使用且廢壞及無經濟維修價值之不堪用彈藥。所以彈藥銷燬作業是整體彈藥勤務之一環，彈藥銷燬目的乃為維護安全；因火炸藥具有較高危險性，尤以變質(性)後、敏感性大增，危害性無法估計，須銷燬以策安全。因科技進步，武器汰舊更新頻繁及長期庫儲彈藥變質損壞不堪修復等因素，廢(棄)彈藥將逐漸增多，為確保庫儲安全及避免占用有限儲存空間，彈藥銷燬為一迫切必要工作。 輕兵器靶場射擊是軍方維持戰力及年度戰演訓任務之一，各軍司令部每年均會排定靶場射訓流路並要求國軍所屬各單位進訓實施射擊訓練，於訓練期間依國軍靶場作業規定須於射擊完畢後將彈殼撿拾後繳回彈藥庫，但彈頭的部分卻無明確相關回收規定，所以導致大量累積於靶區，造成環境危害及土壤重金屬超標。

The US Environmental Protection Agency pointed out that explosives are specific pollutants at military sites in 2005. According to foreign literature, explosives mainly appear in arsenals, ammunition loading, assembly or packaging plants, military supply depots, ammunition depots, open detonation, open burning, range impact areas, explosive ordnance disposal sites , training ranges and ordnance test and evaluation sites. This paper selects open destruction sites and shooting ranges for research above the sites. The types of heavy metal pollution in the soil depend on the types of weapons and ammunition destroyed and fired in the sites. For example, if they are used for open destruction sites. The main source of heavy metal contaminants in the soil is the pyrotechnic parts dismantled from waste ammunition and ammunition refurbishment, and the light weapon range is the pollution problem caused by the remaining warheads and shells after the light weapon ammunition is fired. Abandoned ammunition refers to unacceptable ammunition that cannot be used for its original purpose or cannot be used effectively and has no economic maintenance value. Therefore, the destruction of ammunition is a part of the overall ammunition service. The purpose of the destruction of ammunition is to maintain safety. Because of the high danger of fire and explosives, especially after deterioration, the sensitivity is greatly increased and the hazard cannot be estimated. Due to technological advances cause the ammunition unable to use and waste (abandoned) ammunition will gradually increase. To ensure storage safety and avoid occupying limited storage space. The destruction of ammunition is an urgently necessary task. Shooting at training range is one of the main missions to maintain combat effectiveness and annual combat drills. Each military headquarters will schedule the shooting range and require all units affiliated to the national army to conduct shooting training during the training period. The national army's shooting standard process requires that the shell be picked up and returned to the ammunition depot after the shooting is completed, but the warhead part has no clear relevant recycling regulations, so it has caused a large amount of accumulation in the target area, causing environmental hazards and soil heavy metals exceeding the standard.