南投名間地區蜜蜂花粉團之研究

Abstract

本文分析1991年間名間蜜蜂採集之花粉團，鑑定花粉團中所含花粉之種類，目的在於探討該地區粉源植物之種類，及其花粉之出現頻率。此結果可供蜂農作為種植或尋找粉源植物時之參考，以提高花粉團產量，增加養蜂之收益。本研究利用光學顯微鏡及掃描式電子顯微鏡，研究觀察花粉團內花粉的外部微細構造，並與新鮮植物花粉做比較；藉此得知南投名間地區重要之粉源植物，及其花期和出現頻率。並藉此討論氣溫、濕度、花部特徵及其它可能影響蜜蜂採集活動之因數。 由花粉分析之結果得知：名間地區之粉源植物計56科106種。其中菊科12種最多，次為豆科9種，大戟科8種，茄科5種，禾本科4種。若以出現頻率比較：茶科佔全年28.69％為最高者，次為菊科佔24.34％，豆科佔8.77％，禾本科佔7.44％。主要粉源植物中，全年開花之植物為霍香薊（Ageratum spp.）和龍葵（Solanum nigrum）；花期長達半年以上者為鬼針（Bidens bipinnata）等13種；一年兩次花期者僅有春不老（Ardisia quamulosa）及水稻（Oryza sativa）兩種。 1991年全年有181天裝置花粉收集器，一個蜂群可收取6.3公斤之花粉團。蜜蜂於上午（12時以前）所採集之花粉團多於下午採集之量。在三月、四月間蜜蜂偏重荔枝及龍眼之花蜜，花粉團之採集量因此大為降低；六至九月為名間地區的雨季，且溫度又常高於30℃，此時花粉團之採集量亦減少很很多；此為全年中兩個花粉團之低產量期。花型、花色、花藥開裂之時間、植物分佈及氣溫濕度等天氣狀況，都是可能影響蜜蜂採集活動之因數。多數粉源植物具下列特徵：花冠開展或花藥明顯可見；花色為黃，白色；花藥於上午開裂；分佈於蜂群附近。不同蜂群對於粉源植物之偏好有所異，花粉團之產量亦不同；但粉源植物之種類則頗類似，顯見蜜蜂傾向於廣泛利用環境中可採集之花粉。

In this study, the species of pollen contained in pollen loads collected from Ming-Chien, Nantou are identified and their frequencies are calculated. In addition, the ultrastructure of fresh pollen and pollen in pollon loads are studied under light microscopic (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM). The pollen sources, the flowering period, the time of pollen collection during a day and the degree of dominance of pollen species are compared. Those factors such as temperature, characteristics of flower which might affect the gathering activity of bees are alsotaken into account. The results showed that there are total of 107 taxa of pollen belonging to 56 families are found in pollen loads from the collections. Among them, 12 species belong to Compositae, 9 species to Leguminosae, 7 species to Euphorbiaceae, 5 species to Solanaceae, 4 species to Poaceae are identified. The Theaceae occupies the highest frequency (28.69 %), and next comes to the Compositae (24.34 %), Leguminosae (8.77 %), and Poaceae (7.44 %)successively. Pollen source plants with anthesis through the whole year are Ageratum sp. and Solanum niigrum Bidens bipinnata and 13 other species have flowering period more than half year, while Ardisia squamulosa and Oryza sativa havetwice within a year. In 1991, pollen trap were placed for 152 days; a single bee colony could gather 6.3 kg pollen loads, this production could and coincidently supply the survival of bee colony. Quantity of pollen loads that collected before noon is greater than that of afternoon. Bees prefer to collect nectar of Lychee and Longan during March and April, this gave rise to a lower production of pollen loads. During rainy season between June and September, the temperature is often higher than 30℃, the production of polleen loads declined. Factors that affect pollen gathering activity of bees include: morphology of flowers, colors of flowers, times of anther dehiscence, distribution of plants, and temperature. Most of the pollen source plants have the following features: petals open or anther obvious, flower yellow or white, anthers dehiscence at noon and growing position closely to the hive. Different colonies of bees have different preference against pollen sources and theproductivity of pollen loads, however, the types of pollen sources are similar.