華人社會的潛規則：表裡不一與陽奉陰違

Abstract

華人社會中，除了可在檯面上公開言說的法律、規範等之外，另有一套不可公開言說、只能在檯面下討論的人際互動法則，稱之為「潛規則」，與檯面上秩序共同構成了互為表裡的社會規則結構。個體對於這種潛規則的偏好，在功能上具有「陽儒/陽禮」與「陰法/陰謀」的雙重功能，前者維持了檯面上的社會秩序，後者利用檯面下手段進行謀利；這兩層功能在公共政治場域，恰與「保守主義」中由右翼權威性格與社會支配性所表徵的兩個功能層次有對應之處。同時，潛規則偏好基於其所具備之表裡不一特性，又對個體在公共生活中的道德判斷具有干擾作用，促進個體表裡不一的行為傾向；而這是保守主義本身所不具備的功能。本論文從現實生活中的潛規則出發，回溯潛規則在華人傳統文化、社會、政治發展中的歷史根源，並以「規則偏好」的角度切入建構量表，探討個體對潛規則偏好上的個別差異，並利用與情境式問題與對社會議題態度問題，探討潛規則偏好在公共政治參與中所具有的心理功能。研究結果發現：（1）新編製之潛規則偏好量表具有良好的信效度指標；（2）個體的潛規則偏好具有類似於保守主義指標的功能，對偏向保守的社會態度具有正向預測力；（3）潛規則偏好能夠干擾個體的道德判斷，包括提升對送禮行為的負面評價、降低對未送禮行為的正面評價、以及促進個體更多地表現出在對立雙方論述中均有正向分數的「和稀泥」傾向；（4）潛規則偏好在不同的情境條件下，均能提升「陽奉陰違」行為的出現概率。

Besides the ‘on the table’ rules which could be openly discussed such as laws and other social norms, there are also another series of rules which is called Hidden Rule (潛規則 in Chinese), that only could be discussed ‘under the table’ about how to interact with others in Chinese society, that constituting dual rule structure along with the ‘on the table’ social order. In the view of functioning, individuals’ preference towards Hidden Rule could maintain the social order on the surface while benefit individuals’ self-interest with the methods under-table, which has the functional correspondence with the two level of conservatism presented by Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation. Meanwhile, Hidden Rule Preference also has functions of interferencing moral judgement and promoting the inconsistent behaviors, which conservatism do not have. This research begins with the phenomena of hidden rule in daily life, then backtrack the traditional Chinese philosophical and historical origin. During the empirical study, we use the concept of ‘rule preference’ to construct the measurement of hidden rule preference, and design scenario questionnaire and attitude questionnaire to investigate the funtions of hidden rule. The results show that the hidden rule preference 1) questionnaire has good reliability and validity, 2) has similar function with conservatism index, which has positive predictive power towards conservative social attitudes, 3) has interference towards moral judgement, and 4) raise the possibility to present inconsistency behaviors on and under table.