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Title: | 免於情緒:西塞羅《圖斯庫勒論辯》論斯多噶與情緒 Apatheia: Cicero's Tusculan Disputations on the Stoics and Emotion |
Authors: | Heng-Yen Liu 劉蘅宴 |
Advisor: | 徐學庸(Hsei-Yung Hsu) |
Keyword: | 情緒,免於情緒,斯多噶,西塞羅,圖斯庫勒論辯, emotion,pathos,apatheia,Stoic,Cicero,Tusculan Disputations, |
Publication Year : | 2020 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 西塞羅在《圖斯庫勒論辯》(Tusculan Disputations)的第三和第四卷中,探討了斯多噶和伊比鳩魯等學派的情緒觀。其中,斯多噶學派將激情或「情緒」(pathos),如慾望、恐懼、愉悅和痛苦...等等,視為常人錯誤的價值判斷,源自於錯誤的道德知識和被扭曲的性格。基於斯多噶的理論,西塞羅也將情緒翻譯成帶有負面意涵的「擾動」(perturbatio)。從這樣的分析所衍生出來的則有「智者會完全免於情緒(apatheia)」的主張。更精確來說,斯多噶認為智者不會有常人所有的錯誤價值判斷,因為神智清明(sōphrosunē)這美德使得他們只有「好感受」(eupatheia)而沒有擾動。
這樣的情緒觀具爭議的地方在於,「免於情緒」看似是違反人性且極端的理想。也就是說,即使是看似有益的情緒(如憤怒和同情),在斯多噶眼裡都是錯誤、都反映出人的無知,甚至可能會養成病態且完全不理智的人格。或許是因為本作是西塞羅在女兒過世之後給自己的療傷之作,西塞羅不僅支持斯多噶學派的想法,認為我們必需「根除」(eradicate)情緒,更嘲笑消遙學派,認為情緒這種錯誤是沒有「適當」可言或「中庸」(moderate)的空間的。 從《圖斯庫勒論辯》作為主要依據,本文旨在釐清斯多噶真正的情緒觀:在什麼意義下,情緒是該被根除的擾動?而我們又要怎麼擁有免於情緒的狀態? In Tusculan Disputations Books 3 and 4, Cicero laid out Stoic and Epicurean theories on emotion (pathos). In particular, the Stoics defined emotions (distress, pleasure, desire, and fear) as false judgements that indicated a moral failing and the lack of wisdom. Based on Stoic definition, Cicero also translated emotion into ‘disturbance’ (perturbatio). From such negative characterization of emotions arises the notorious Stoic doctrine that the wise should have no emotions, attaining the passionless state known as apatheia. More precisely, the Stoics thought that wise people should have a good grasp of knowledge and have no incorrect opinion. Due to their virtue of sōphrosynē, the wise will only have ‘good affections’ known as eupatheia. Such a theory seems to suggest that one must either have disturbances or the passionless state. In other words, having any trace of emotion, even the ones we typically find valuable like anger and pity, would indicate an abnormality of the soul. There does not seem to be any middle ground. Yet, in this work, Cicero embraces this ideal almost completely, advocating for Stoic eradication over Peripatetics’ moderation of emotion. Using the Tusculan Disputations as the main primary source of Stoic philosophy, this thesis answers the following: In what sense are emotions disturbances that should be eradicated? How can human beings free themselves from emotions? |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/74685 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202000072 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 哲學系 |
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ntu-109-1.pdf Restricted Access | 1.22 MB | Adobe PDF |
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