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http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/74565
Title: | 行為安全於營建工地之應用 Application of Behavior-Based Safety in Construction Projects |
Authors: | Hsin-I Ting 丁心逸 |
Advisor: | 張陸滿 |
Keyword: | 行為安全,BBS,工程安全管理,事故預防,TOPSIS,BIM, Behavior-Based Safety,BBS,construction safety management,accident prevent,TOPSIS,BIM, |
Publication Year : | 2019 |
Degree: | 博士 |
Abstract: | 在台灣,如同其它國家,營建業被評為最危險的產業之一。對於高風險的營建產業來說,一個可以用來評估安全管理的狀況,並為可能的職災事故提出預警的管理機制是必要的。在安全管理中,一個適合的領先指標(leading indicator)可以幫助管理者來來評估安全狀態以及提出警訊。「虛驚事件回報」即為一個廣為人知的領先指標,亦被廣泛的應用於各行各業中。然而,很多虛驚事件回報機制因為其中的「負面意涵」而失敗收場。在本研究案例裡,虛驚事件回報的方法也不成功,因回報的數量太少,不足以用來預防事故。
近年來,「行為安全」(Behavior-Based Safety,BBS)概念已經被眾多學者視為一個可行的領先指標,並廣泛的應用於各個領域,包括營建產業。在傳統的BBS中,勞工的行為觀察乃由第三方顧問或資深安衛環人員作為引導員進行觀察。在這些人員的觀察下,被觀察的勞工會改變自己的行為來符合規定以避免懲罰;然而,一旦離開關注,勞工很快就會回復原來的壞習慣而可能產生安全危害。 因此,本研究目的旨在探討行為安全於營建工地之應用,並提出一個調整型BBS觀察方法,來彌補虛驚事件及傳統BBS的不足,並以一間國際工程公司作為範例,詳細說明此程序之做法及實施的經驗。調整型BBS觀察程序之特色為採用第一線勞工為觀察員,透過這樣的觀察策略,可使觀察活動較不突兀,同時增進勞工的安全意識。此外,過去BBS相關研究中,大多以一或二個專案採個案研究的方式來驗證BBS執行成效。與此不同,本研究基於案例公司的19個樣本專案總共200,782筆觀察記錄以及該公司之職災事件記錄進行分析,以進一步探討BBS觀察預防專案職災的機制。 以樣本專案進行迴歸分析的結果顯示,「被觀察到不安全行為的數量」較高的專案,其「職災事故率」較低,反之亦然。同時,根據職災事件發生時間點分析,7成以上的職災事件都發生在當月或是前一個月「被觀察到不安全行為的數量」較低的時期;嚴重度較高的失能以上事件或是死亡事件,其比例更高。根據這些結果,管理者應該特別注意觀察記錄中,被觀察到不安全行為的數量特別少的專案,鼓勵觀察員更積極的學習/執行BBS觀察。此外,上層管理階層亦應該實施不定期稽核以驗證其調整型BBS觀察程序的統計資料及實施情形,確保此程序有效的進行。此外,在針對極值樣本的案例分析中發現,調整型BBS觀察程序實施於勞工流動率高的專案時,需要反覆重新訓練新進勞工及觀察員,觀察員的經驗也難以累積,觀察程序的推行難度較大,此為調整型BBS之限制。 另外,各專案進行BBS觀察後,於每月BBS檢討會議統計被觀察頻率最高的不安全行為,藉此提出對應的改善措施。本研究認為,此評估各不安全行為項目並加以選擇的問題,可以轉化成多屬性決策分析問題(Multiple Criteria Decision Making,MCDM)加以解決。本研究以案例公司近期專案實際BBS觀察記錄作為範例,應用MCDM中的主流技術 - TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)對專案中各不安全行為/狀況進行評估,選出應優先關注的項目,管理者可據此擬定改善措施,以降低發生職業災害的風險。 本研究所提出的調整型BBS觀察程序並非用來取代傳統的工安巡檢或其它的領先指標,而是一個額外的資訊來源以評估安全管理上的弱點。在此觀察程序中,表現出不安全行為的勞工是匿名的,這個記錄並不用來進行懲罰,優秀的觀察員也會獲得獎勵。在這樣的情形下,本研究建議此以第一線勞工為觀察員的調整型BBS觀察程序可以作為一個額外的領先指標以預防營建工地的職災事故。 最後,本研究建議將BBS成果整合入BIM系統做後續的深入研究。過去以單純以BIM進行風險評估時,只考慮不安全環境可能產生的危害,並沒有將人的行為因素納入考慮。透過整合BBS與BIM,相信,可以更精確的定義出危害的關鍵區域,並且這些步驟皆可自動化執行,在安全管理上可能提供管理者一個更快捷直觀的工具。 In Taiwan, as in other regions of the world, the construction industry was rated as one of the most dangerous industries. In safety management, an adequate safety leading indicator can not only measure the safety management condition but also could provide the accident warning. To the risky and dangerous construction industry, the safety warning system is critical and essential. The near-miss report is a well-known leading indicator; however, many near-miss reporting programs fail because of negative connotations. In the exemplary case of this study, its near-miss reporting program did not succeed because the reported amount of near-miss was meager. It was inadequate for preventing accidents. Recently, Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) has become a leading safety indicator. It is wildly recognized and applied in various fields, including the construction industry. This study aims to explore the application of Behavior-Based Safety method in construction projects and introduce an adjusted BBS observation program. Different from traditional BBS, the observations of an adjusted BBS observation program are made by front-line workers, as a part of their job assignment. By using this strategy, observation could be less conspicuous. Meanwhile, it would enhance the front-line worker’s safety awareness. This study uses an international engineering contractor as an exemplar to exemplify the procedure and the experience of implementing the BBS observation program in detail. In addition, based on 200,782 observations collected from 19 construction projects, the correlation of the BBS observation program and accident prevention was further analyzed. The analysis results show that the project with the higher “total Amount of Recorded Unsafe Behaviors,” its “Total Recordable Case Rate” is lower, and vice versa. Moreover, according to the analysis of the time point of accidents, over 70% of accidents occurred at the periods which the number of recorded unsafe behaviors are relatively low. On the basis of these results, managers should pay more attention to the projects with the remarkably low amounts of recorded unsafe behavior and encourage the unsafe behavior reports to discover the weakness and improve it; and the top management should carry out random safety audit to verify the data and the implementation of the adjusted BBS observation program for assuring the effectiveness of this program. Furthermore, in the case study based on two extreme samples, this study found it is more difficult that the adjusted BBS implements in the project with high mobility of the workforce, and this might be a limit of the adjusted BBS observation program. Moreover, after the BBS observation, each kind of unsafe behavior shall be assessed, and then the manager proposes the countermeasure according to the riskiest unsafe behavior. This riskiest-unsafe-behavior selecting problem could be transformed into Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. With a recent project of the exemplary corporation as an example, this study applied TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), a mainstream MCDM technique, to assess the risk of each kind of unsafe behaviors and select the priority item. Managers could propose the countermeasure to mitigate occupational accidents accordingly. The adjusted BBS observation program is not a replacement for other regular safety inspection programs, but an additional source of information about the site’s safety state. In this observation program, the worker who practices unsafe behaviors is anonymous, the records are not used for punishment, and the outstanding observers will be rewarded. In this way, this adjusted BBS program with the observation by front-line workers could be used as an additional leading indicator to prevent future occupational accidents on construction sites. Finally, it suggests that integration of BBS and BIM (Building Information Modeling) be further studied. By this integration, the critical hazardous area could be defined more precisely through 3D BIM modeling. Moreover, this process could be done automatically by computer. Thus, it may provide a faster and more intuitive tool for safety management. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/74565 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201902719 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 土木工程學系 |
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ntu-108-1.pdf Restricted Access | 2.2 MB | Adobe PDF |
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