嘉慶朝黃河下游的治理與清中葉治河危機之因應

Abstract

嘉慶朝時期的黃河下游水患甚為嚴重，僅25年間便有15次的黃河漫溢，然從政治治理的角度來看，中央也並非毫無作為，在嘉慶8-17年間即多次提出針對黃河下游河道進行改道之治河方案，試圖解決乾隆晚期以來，黃河下游河底淤高，海口不暢之問題，實則有其改革的決心。歷來的黃河水利研究較多著重在康雍乾時期與道光朝以後的水利衰退，本研究旨在對於此段治水史實進行補白，並對清中葉河工敗壞一事的原因進行考察，梳理嘉慶朝時期河工經費大幅上漲，除河道官僚的個人道德操守問題，河工物料的成本也是一值得考量的因素，其中還涉及河工工程的耐用度等相關議題之探討。 此外，本研究也在水利研究的脈絡之外，增添其他議題的討論。嘉慶朝治水的議題也是其統治問題的一大環節，本研究在嘉慶朝治水史實的補白之餘，也帶入乾嘉變革的討論，以此回應嘉慶中衰與黃河水利不興連結之印象。水利週期的研究在探討中國歷來統治者對水利事務的介入與水利興衰之關聯，而黃河水利事業為大清積極介入的河工事務，但其對黃河治理的過度投入反而使得黃河流域的自然資源消耗殆盡，造成長期的環境惡化，僅僅達成短期有效的控制。

This study focuses on the history of water control and policy during the Jiaqing period. Duo to the historical research of the Yellow River has paid much attention to the water conservancy in prosperous periods of the reign of the Kangxi to Qianlong emperor, this study intends to supplement the Jiaqing period when this section of water history research is limited. During the reign of the Jiaqing emperor, the floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River were serious. In the 25 years, there were 15 times of flooding on the Yellow River. The occurrence of flooding was quite frequent. However, the Jiaqing Central Committee did not do nothing. In the 8-17 years of the Jiaqing period, the dikes of the Yellow River were washed up many times. At the time of overflow, the Jiaqing Central Committee try to rectify the river channel in the lower reaches of the Yellow River to solve the problem of high river bottom and poor seaport in the lower Yellow River since the late Qianlong period. This study also examined the reasons for the corruption of the river conservancy in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. During the Jiaqing period, the cost of the Yellow River conservancy increased sharply. In addition to the personal ethics of the river bureaucracy, the cost of river engineering materials is also a factor worth considering, which also involves the technology of river engineering. Discussion on related issues such as durability of these materials. Moreover, this study also adds to the discussion of other topics outside the context of water conservancy research. The issue of water control and policy during the Jiaqing period is also a major part of its ruling. This study, in addition to rewriting of the history of water management, also brought into the discussion on the issue of the reform of the Jiaqing period, in response to the impression that dynastic decline and water conservancy are connected. The study of water conservancy cycle explores the relationship between historical Chinese rulers' involvement in water conservancy affairs and the rise and fall of water conservancy. The Yellow River conservancy was a river work that Qing government actively intervened, but its concern for the Yellow River governance had caused the resources of the Yellow River Basin to be exhausted, only had achieved short-term effective control.