女性政治參與對性別角色認知的影響

Abstract

本研究估計女性政治參與對女性對性別角色的自我認知與男性對女性性別角色認知的影響。為了處理內生性問題，我用台灣直轄市／縣(市)區域議員選舉的婦女保障名額來做為女性政治參與度的工具變數。我首先發現婦女保障名額能使該選區的當選人中女性比例增加21.4 個百分點(樣本平均為23.8%)，且每一席婦女保障名額的邊際效果隨著保障名額增加而遞減。同時，婦女保障名額能鼓勵更多女性投身選舉，但只能提升有黨籍女性的得票率。這可能是因為婦女保障名額鼓勵政黨將更多選舉資源挹注在女性候選人身上，故提高了她們的當選機率。其次，女性政治參與只影響了女性對性別角色的自我認知，對男性則沒有影響。最後，女性政治參與度對女性四道性別相關問題的態度影響程度與方向不一。這可能代表對人們而言，不同的問題背後乘載著不同的價值觀，未必是對性別角色的認知有所矛盾。

This study estimates the effects of female political participation on females' gender role recognition of themselves and males' gender role recognition towards females. To solve the endogeneity problems, I introduce the reserved seats for women in Taiwan county/city councilors election as the instrumental variable. I find that having reserved seats for women increases the proportion of females in elected councilors by 21.4 percentage points (the sample mean is 23.8%), and the marginal effect of every reserved seat diminishes as the reserved seats become more. Gender quotas also encourage females to attend the elections. However, only females with party membership are more likely to be elected becuase of the reserved seats. It may be because that gender quotas incentivise parties to offer female candidates more resources, thereby improving their chances to win the election. Furthermore, female political participation only influences females' gender role recognition of themselves, while males' gender role recognition towards females is unaffected. Female political participation affect females' attitudes toward gender role questions in different directions. This implies that different questions represent different values for people. People's gender role recognition is quite complicated and not definitely contradictory.