以高粱酒粕及芝麻粕飼養黑水虻幼蟲及其在白肉雞飼糧之應用

Abstract

黑水虻（Hermetia illucens）為近年來在廢棄物分解與作為飼料原料應用方面被廣泛研究的昆蟲。當今全球人口快速成長，造成糧食與飼料原料需求上升，且環保意識逐漸提高，而黑水虻因為具有生長快速、能加速堆肥分解，且其幼蟲與預蛹體內含有高量蛋白質與脂肪等特性，其作為替代性飼料原料的潛力逐漸受到重視。然而，過往文獻指出黑水虻幼蟲的生長表現與蟲體營養含量會受到飼養基質所影響，而目前黑水虻幼蟲對於營養分之需求則較少被深入討論；另外，黑水虻幼蟲與預蛹所含有的營養分在動物體實際的利用效率亦有待進一步研究，因此本研究試圖就以上兩方面進行探討。 本研究分為兩個階段，第一階段旨在評估以高粱酒粕與芝麻粕飼養黑水虻幼蟲的可行性，並探討其組合比例（即粗蛋白質含量）、餵飼方式與餵飼量，對於黑水虻幼蟲生長表現之影響。結果顯示，當高粱酒粕與芝麻粕以乾基比4:1（濕重11:1）的比例混合，配製出粗蛋白質乾基含量為25%之飼養基質時，能達到最佳的黑水虻幼蟲與預蛹產出重。在飼養基質給予方式的部分，開始飼養時便將所有基質給予的方式，較分批給飼有顯著較佳的生長速度、蟲體重量與基質分解率（P<0.05）。另外，當全期餵飼量達到每隻幼蟲2.4克時，產出幼蟲與預蛹能有顯著較高的平均重量，然而在以過篩收成蟲體時，則是以每隻幼蟲餵飼0.6克之餵飼量，有顯著較高的幼蟲及殘料分離率。 第二階段實驗評估黑水虻幼蟲粉與預蛹粉之消化率（in vivo），並評估幼蟲粉在白肉雞飼糧中適當的添加量。以成年的雄性蛋雞（Hy-line）為對象，分別檢測出黑水虻幼蟲粉與預蛹粉在乾物質之表面消化率上，顯著高於肉骨粉，但與魚粉與大豆粕相比，則無顯著差異（P>0.05）。在胺基酸消化率則是以魚粉與大豆粕顯著較高，其次為預蛹粉，而肉骨粉與幼蟲粉則顯著較差。其後將黑水虻幼蟲粉逐級添加（0、5、10、15或20%）於一日齡商用白肉雞（Arbor Acres Plus）的飼糧中，經過為期35天的飼養，顯示幼蟲粉添加至10%時，對雞隻的生長表現無顯著影響，但是當添加量達15%以上時，雞隻的體增重與飼料轉換率皆顯著低於模擬商業飼糧之對照組（育雛期飼料添加5%魚粉、其後添加5%肉骨粉）。另外，黑水虻幼蟲粉在飼料的添加，對於所生產出來的雞肉，在官能品評各項指標皆無負面影響，且添加15或20%幼蟲粉的組別在雞胸肉的總接受度顯著高於模擬商業飼糧之對照組。 本實驗結果顯示，芝麻粕搭配高粱酒粕進行黑水虻幼蟲飼養具有可行性，所生產出來之幼蟲粉在白肉雞飼糧中可添加至10%，以取代傳統蛋白質補充原料（魚粉、肉骨粉與大豆粕），並不會對生長表現及肉質風味造成負面影響，且在雞隻生產之飼料成本部分與正對照組間無顯著差異，具有轉換農業副產物成為新興飼料原料之潛力。

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that be widely investigated in recent years, for applied on management of waste and used as feedstuff. Following the rapid growth of global population, the requirements of food and feedstuff are increasing, and the awareness of environment protection has also been improved. There were many researches focused on black soldier fly (BSF), because of its high growing rate, ability to digestive compost efficiently and high protein and fat content. Therefore, there is potential to use BSF larvae and prpupae as alternative feedstuff. However, studies showed that growth performance and nutrients content of BSF larvae would be influenced by raising substrate, but there were few studies focus on the nutrient requirement of black soldier fly larvae. On the other hand, the availability of nutrients in BSF larvae and prepupae need further investigation. So we tried to study on these issues in this research. This study could be divided to two parts. In the first part, the feasibility of raising black soldier fly larvae with sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal were evaluated. We assessed the effects of different combination (according to crude protein content) of agricultural by-products mentioned above, feeding regime and quantity on growth performance of BSF larvae. Results showed BSF larvae and prepupae achieved optimum body weight when sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal were combined with the ratio of 4:1 based on dry matter (11:1 based on wet weight), then the substrate contented 25 % crude protein based on dry matter. And we also found when larvae were fed with all substrate once at beginning rather than fed in batches, there were significantly higher growth rate, body weight and consumption rate of substrate (P<0.05). Besides, the larvae has significantly higher body weight when fed with 2.4 g substrate for each larvae. But when larvae and prepupae being harvested, there was significantly better separation ratio of larvae/prepupae and residue in group fed with 0.6 g substrate for each larvae. In the second part of this study, in vivo digestibility trail for BSF larvae meal and prepupae meal was conducted with adult rooster (Hy-line). Results showed the apparent digestibility of dry matter of BSF larvae and prepupae meal was significantly higher than that of meat and bone meal. But there was no significant difference between BSF larvae meal, prepupae meal, fish meal and soybean meal (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of amino acid of fish meal and soybean was significantly higher than prepupae meal, and that of larvae meal and meat and bone meal was significantly lower than the others. Then, we supplemented BSF larvae meal with different levels (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20%) in the diets of day-old broiler (Arbor Acres Plus). After 35 days experiment, we found there was no significant effect on the growth performance of broiler fed with 5 and 10% BSF larvae diet. But when the larvae meal supplemented level was over 15%, the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers were significant lower than those of commercial diet group (supplemented with 5% fish meal in starter and 5% meat and bone meal in grower and finisher). In addition, there was no negative effect on indicators of sensory test for broiler fed with BSF larvae meal diets, and the broiler fed with 15 or 20 % BSF larvae meal diet had significantly higher score than control group on the total acceptance of breast meat. In conclusion, we found there has potential to raise black soldier fly larvae with sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal. And the larvae meal produced can supplement up to 10 % in the diet of broiler, replacing the conventional protein-rich feedstuff (fish meal, meat and bone meal and soybean meal), without negative effect on growth performance, meat flavor and the feed cost of broiler production. It is promising for black soldier fly larvae to convert agricultural by-products to alternative feedstuff.