法國反恐政策之演變的分析(1986-2018)

Abstract

2015年法國接連發生兩起震驚世界之恐攻事件，導致法國再度修改其反恐政策。而事實上，恐攻發生時法國之反恐政策已經實施三十年，並已進行多次調整，然卻仍難以避免恐攻發生，因此法國如何修改其反恐政策以因應當時之恐怖主義威脅便值得進行研究。本論文旨在探討法國自1986年以來之反恐政策演變，分析法國三十多年來法國反恐政策之演變有何軌跡，以及影響其演變之因素。本論文在分析法國反恐政策時主要分為兩個部分，第一部分討論法國所面臨之恐怖主義威脅，以及導致法國成為威脅對象之原因，第二部分則是探討反恐政策之演變，將反恐政策分為反恐法規、反恐制度、國內反恐作為以及對外反恐行動，分別就其演變情形進行探討，並分析造成此種演變之因素。 本論文認為，法國在修改反恐政策上，以反恐法修法為法國調整之主要手段，2012年後國內反恐作為和對外行動轉趨積極，開始著重在反激進化上以及對外積極對抗恐怖組織，而反恐制度自1986年以來則未有太大調整。在影響反恐政策演變之因素上，恐攻之發生仍然為法國在反恐法規、國內反恐作為、對外行動上有所轉變之主要因素；法國對其反恐能力之信心則是在1996年至2012年的平靜期影響較大；世俗主義價值觀對法國之影響較為隱性，主要限縮法國在反激進化議題上所能使用之手段。

In 2015, two terrorist attacks which shocked the whole world severely stroke France. After the attacks, French government revisited its counter-terrorism policy once again, in order to prevent Islamic State from launching another attack in France. In fact, at the time when the attack hit France, French counter-terrorism policy had been implemented for about 30 years, and had been adjusted several times, it was however still difficult to prevent the terrorist attack. Therefore, how French government revise its counter-terrorism policy to counter the security threat became worth researching. The paper aims to explore the evolution of the French counter-terrorism policy initiating from 1986, and to analyze the factors causing the evolution of the policy. Thus, the paper deals with it in two parts: the first part discuss the terrorist threat posed on France, and the reason why France become their target; the second part based on the first part, to discuss the French evolution of French counter-terrorism policy by dividing the policy into law, institution, domestic actions and external interventions. After the discussion above, the paper argues that the French government treats the law making as the primary means of adjusting the policy, and domestic actions and external interventions has become more actively on counter-radicalization and the fight against the terrorist groups after 2012, however rarely changed the counter-terrorism institution. Following the pattern of the adjustment of the policy, the terrorist attack plays the main role, and the self-confidence toward the capability of counter-terrorism acts as the main factor during 1996 to 2012. Moreover, the secularism also plays an important role, but mainly on the restriction of the adjustment of the policy.