日語中的近現代中文借用詞－以麻將用語為例－

Abstract

日本的麻將用語中使用許多來自近現代中文的語彙，本稿研究目的即在於考察其漢字表記語讀法的成立原因及新漢字音是否可以成立。 麻將用語的漢字表記語中，除有許多不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法之外，也存在從不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法變化為依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法。而不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法，亦即讀法接近現代北京話的漢字讀法之成立原因可分為下列三點：（a）音韻之新鮮性、（b）意義之創新性、（c）源流之制約性，而從不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法變化為依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法之成立原因亦可分為下列三點：（a）書寫之便利性、（b）意義之傳統性、（c）表現之自由性。 檢視麻將用語中不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法與其相對應漢字之字音對應關係後，可發現以下四點不安定要素：（a）訛音及連濁音、（b）受到以往漢字音影響之漢字讀法、（c）中國方言（吳語）之影響、（d）為符合日文之音韻而有所誤差之漢字讀法。排除以上不安定要素後，麻將用語中不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法之音韻特徴可分為以下四點：（a）繼承許多宋音・唐音之特徴、（b）擁有以往漢字音不存在之音結合、（c）濁音之消失、（d）一字二音拍之構造。將麻將用語中不依循以往漢字音的漢字讀法與以往漢字音之音韻特徵相比後，可發現其存在一層繼承関係，暗示新漢字音「華音」成立之可能性。

Japanese Mahjong vocabulary originated from modern mandarin Chinese; therefore, this paper aims to investigate the cause of Sino-Japanese reading and the occurrence of new Sino-Japanese voicing. Said vocabulary contains incompliance and compliance with Chinese-character reading while the former refers to voicing in compliance with modern mandarin and the latter refers to voicing that transferred from incompliance to compliance with traditional Chinese. The causes of such incompliance might be concluded as follows: (a) the freshness of phonemes, (b) innovation of significance, and (c) condition of demonstration. The causes of such compliance might be concluded as follows: (a) handy writing, (b) tradition of significance, and (c) liberty of expression. The investigation of the correlation between incompliance Sino-Japanese voicing and corresponding Chinese-character phonemes of Mahjong words indicates 4 unstable factors as follows: (a) accent and rendaku (sequential voicing), (b) Sino-Japanese voicing impacted by Chinese lexical phonemes, (c) impact of Wu Chinese, and (d) voicing to meet Japanese phonemes. The phonological characteristics of Sino-Japanese incompliance reading excluding said factors are concluded as follows: (a) characteristics borrowed from Sou-on and Tou-on, (b) combination of phonemes not existing in the existing Chinese, (c) sonant disappearance, and (d) structure of mora language. The comparison between the incompliance reading and the phonological characteristics of corresponding Chinese characters of Mahjong words implies the occurrence of new Sino-Japanese pronunciation due to the heritance between the both.