由紅轉綠？康納利社會共和主義思想研究

Abstract

發生於1916年的復活節起義（the Easter Rising）為愛爾蘭當代史的轉捩點。其中，十六名被處決的領袖裡唯一的一位社會主義者，詹姆士‧康納利（James Connolly，1868-1916）政治立場的變遷，以及他在起義中的角色，多半為學者以「由紅轉綠」或「綠化」等比喻加以理解。至於康納利思想中社會主義與愛爾蘭共和主義（the Irish Republicanism）兩項傳統如何相互交織與發明，仍然有待進一步釐清。隨著近十年對復活節起義新面向的不斷挖掘，填補對康納利思想的僵化性理解和新的研究成果間的落差，是本研究所欲達成的目標。以康納利的政治書寫及政治活動為主要材料，本研究旨在探討康納利與愛爾蘭共和主義傳統間互動交流（interactive）以及具有辯證性（dialectic）的關係，進而指出，過去盛行的「紅綠」說法或許並不適切。經由驗別康納利是愛爾蘭共和主義的批判性繼承者的思想定位，本研究或許有助於深化我們對復活節起義及二十世紀愛爾蘭歷史的詮釋。

The 1916 Easter Rising is a turning point of modern Irish history. Being the only socialist among the leaders who were executed after the surrender, James Connolly（1868-1916）’s political stance and his role during the Rising are often presented by researchers as ‘greening’ or ‘from red to green’. Yet how the two traditions, Socialism and the Irish Republicanism, intertwined with and mutually stimulated each other within Connolly’s political writings remains unclear. Since the first decade of the 21st century, massive research has made great progress in expanding the knowledge of this particular event. This study intends to bridge the gap between the latest research results and the prevailing ossified cognition of Connolly’s idea. Through re-examining Connolly’s political practice and writings, the author contends that the red-green rhetoric is inappropriate and incorrect, for the relation between Connolly and the Irish Republicanism is interactive and dialectical. By identifying Connolly as a critical inheritor of the Irish Republicanism, this study may deepen our interpretations of the Easter Rising and 20th century Irish history.