中文電視談話節目中的得/失「臉面」敘事

Abstract

摘要 本文旨在通過分析兩個中文電視談話類節目中的口語語料對華人臉面的得失進行再認識。華人臉面這一概念最早由Smith (1894)提出。此後，胡先縉(1944)提出華人的臉面實際上包括兩方面——「臉」與「面子」。自此，大部分的學者都認同胡先縉(1944)的這一觀點。隨後，對華人臉面的相關概念、行為與事件進行界定、分類與特性探討成為這一課題理論與實證研究的主要方向。其中，有一些理論性的研究主要著力於從文化、心理與交際的角度對華人臉面進行概念化，並總結出相關的禮貌性原則與人際交流原則。另一些實證性的研究則主要使用問卷調查或訪談作為研究方法，對臉面行為與臉面事件進行分類與特徴分析。近年來， 有些學者則開始通過觀察中文的真實語料研究華人的臉面觀，比如中文古代章回小說中的書面故事與中文電視劇中的情景對話 (He & Zhang, 2011; 黃光國, 2010)。 在本論文中，我們也同樣利用中文的真實語料對華人臉面這一概念進行理解，而華人臉面的得與失則是我們討論的焦點。具體來說，我們通過觀察兩個中文談話類節目——「鏘鏘三人行」與「康熙來了」的對話語料，努力探尋影響華人臉面得失的因素。從中，我們推斷：華人臉面的得失或許受到四個因素的影響：他人的存在、集體意識、與他人的對比，以及個人的身份。同時，我們發現本論文中的大部分對話語料都包含一手故事的敘述(narrative of firsthand stories)，二手故事的敘述(narrative of secondhand stories)，以及虛構(改編)故事的敘述(narrative of invented (adapted) stories)。因此，我們還利用Labov and Waletzky (1967)的敘事分析方法(narrative approach)對華人臉面的得失進行分析。此外，因為本論文中的中文口語語料與具體的臉面行為、臉面事件的描述有關，所以我們認為本論文中這些具體與生動的語料或許能幫助中文非母語者更容易，更清晰地理解華人臉面得失的概念與其影響因素。

Abstract This thesis attempts to utilize the spoken data of two Chinese TV talk shows to re-visit the Chinese losing and gaining face. The Chinese concept of face was presented firstly by Smith (1894). Hu (1944), then, revealed that the Chinese concept of face actually contained two aspects – 臉 lian and 面子 mianzi. Since then, the majority of the researchers have agreed with Hu (1944)’s idea, and they have discussed the definition, categories as well as the characteristics of the Chinese concept of face, the face behavior, and the face incident. Some studies have done theoretical analysis, redefined the Chinese conception of face from cultural, psychological and communicative perspectives, and proposed a series of Chinese politeness and interpersonal communication principles. Some other studies have adopted questionnaire and interview approaches on categorizing and characterizing the face behaviors as well as the face incidents. In recent years, many researchers have begun to study the Chinese concept of face based on Chinese authentic materials, such as the written stories in the Chinese traditional novels and the scenarios with dialogues in the Chinese TV dramas (He & Zhang, 2011; Hwang, 2010). In this thesis, the Chinese conception of face is similarly revisited through observing authentic materials, and the aspect of Chinese losing and gaining face is our focus. More specifically, we make an effort to seek the elements of Chinese losing and gaining face based on the conversational interaction in two Chinese TV talk shows, 鏘鏘三人行 Behind the Headlines and康熙來了 Kangsi Coming. We conclude that the Chinese losing or gaining face are told with four elements embedded: others being present, sense of togetherness, comparison with others, and social/family roles. Additionally, we find that the majority of these conversational materials contain narrative of firsthand stories, narrative of secondhand stories and narrative of invented (adapted) stories. We, therefore, also analyze the structure of the Chinese losing or gaining face stories through Labov and Waletzky’s (1967) narrative approach. In addition, the Chinese spoken materials in this thesis are the specific face behaviors and face incidents, which makes us believe that these concrete and vivid materials may help the foreigners understand more easily and clearly about the influencing factors and the conception of Chinese losing and gaining face.