赫曼．赫勒（Hermann Heller）的國家與民主理論──兼論對臺灣的啟示

Abstract

以臺灣就國家與民主所持續面臨的爭議與問題為思考起點，本文探討德國威瑪時期國家學學者赫曼．赫勒（Hermann Heller）的國家與民主理論，並嘗試從中探尋對臺灣的問題可能有何啟示。 臺灣面臨的問題能追溯到《中華民國憲法》為其共同根源。在國家問題上，除了國家性遭受外部的挑戰外，也尚未形成穩固的國家認同；國家問題未獲解決也影響到民主的問題，不但社會內部基於分歧而未能發展為相對同質的狀態，更面對被滲透的威脅。本文指出，於歸納臺灣國家與民主的問題後，皆無法忽略者便是來自中國的影響。對於今日的情形，本文先是認為威瑪時期確有其時代脈絡，唯其中諸如人們對於如何作為一個共同體以回應時代困境、以及維繫受到挑戰的既有秩序的嘗試，仍在一定程度上與之相呼應，從而試以該時期的理論為分析框架。 本文繼而對赫勒的理論展開探討，並指出社會現實性為貫穿其理論的研究觀點。於其國家理論中，赫勒建構國家統一性的概念，且除了強調其僅能從多樣性中獲致外，也說明其內涵為組織化的作用與決定的統一性。此尚以社會同質性為前提，亦即在文化的視角下，社會中的對立性皆受到我群意識所約束的狀態，且關於各個脈絡下的我群意識，毋寧須探求該時空背景下可能的推動力。至於在民主理論中，赫勒主張人民是種文化的建構，且同樣強調從多樣性中建立意志統一性的重要性。此外，社會中的衝突亦可能以社會同質性暫時度過。 回歸思考的起點，本文嘗試從赫勒的理論思考對臺灣的問題有何啟示。就國家性的問題，本文主張在臺灣已然建立赫勒理論中的國家統一性，從而臺灣為一主權獨立的國家。至於民主問題的應用，本文以社會同質性的概念為核心，歸納出臺灣仍存在一定程度的社會同質性，且乃持續建構中，而中國因素也作為近來最顯著的推動力之一，影響著在臺灣的我群意識的形成走向。

In reflecting on Taiwan’s problems concerning state and democracy, this Thesis discusses theories of state and democracy by Hermann Heller, scholar of Staatslehre in Weimar Germany, with additional attempts to explore possible implications for Taiwan. In Taiwan, the problems find the Constitution of the Republic of China to be their common root. Problems of state involve the externally-challenged Staatlichkeit and the ambiguous national identity. Related are problems of democracy: Taiwan’s society, deeply divided as it is, further struggles with efforts of infiltration. Impact of China, as this Thesis then identifies, is closely connected with these problems. The situation today to certain extent resonate with that of Weimar, notwithstanding its specific context, considering people’s endeavors to get through the difficult time as a community and to sustain the order at risk. Theories in the times of the Weimar Republic are hence taken herein as the framework for analysis. As this Thesis embarks on examining Heller’s theory, social reality demonstrates itself as the employed viewpoint of his study. Unity of state characterizes Heller’s theory of state, which comes about only against the background of plurality, and in its essence suggests an organized unity of efficacy and decision. Presupposed is the notion of social homogeneity, a circumstance where antagonisms within the society appear constrained by a we-consciousness. Of crucial importance is to find the impulse for this consciousness in each epoch, with reference to its corresponding culture. In his theory of democracy, the people is from Heller’s perspective construction of culture, and must form a unity of wills out of plurality. With regard to conflicts in society, social homogeneity further serves as resource to temporarily weaken such disparities. This Thesis accordingly seeks implications for Taiwan’s problems from Heller’s theory. In terms of the problem of Staatlichkeit, it is argued that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state, in light of the fact that a unity of state has been established. In respect of the application of Heller’s theory in the problem of democracy, this Thesis recognizes the existence of a certain degree of social homogeneity in Taiwan. The fact that this homogeneity continues to develop in a dynamic process is exhibited by the ongoing shaping of the we-consciousness, with the China factor being one of its most manifest impulses.