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標題: | 魏晉南北朝的諧趣風尚 The Trend of Xiequ during Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties |
作者: | Rui Fen Lee 李瑞芬 |
指導教授: | 張蓓蓓 |
關鍵字: | 諧趣,魏晉南北朝,不協調理論,諧趣目的,兩極, xiequ,Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties,Incongruity Theory,objective of xiequ,duality, |
出版年 : | 2019 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 《魏晉南北朝的諧趣風尚》旨在發掘這個時代所展現的諧趣現象以及形成這些現象的深層原因。由於西方的幽默理論畢竟成形已久,可供借鑑之處甚多,因此本論文先爬梳西方三大幽默理論──優越理論、解放理論、不協調理論,其中因不協調理論對幽默的論述最全面,所以也是本論文主要的討論依據。《文心雕龍•諧隱篇》是中國最早的諧趣論述,劉勰把諧趣的三種主要的目的──諷諫他人、自娛娛人、諷刺他人──分成上中下等。然而這個時代還有一種諧趣目的是劉氏未提及的,即以以荒誕狀示人,以消弭他人的覬覦。在四種諧趣當中,以自娛娛人以及諷刺他人的諧趣最爲常見。在觀察當代的諧趣風尚之時,本論文將諧作及情景諧趣分述處理。在諧作的表現上,時人於傳統文體注入有別於過去注重體式及體面的新内容,藉由虛幻的人物及天馬行空的情節,針砭時事。同時,他們不吝以「不怕低俗」的題材與筆法書寫鄙俗的事物,以及「不顧禮貌」的態度主動頂撞他人。在情景諧趣的表現上,諧趣點綴時人的生活品味及各種社交場合。諧趣也大量用在輿論當中,出於道德公心,時人將評論濃縮成一句話或一段順口溜去譏刺某人某事或某種荒唐的現象。諷諫他人的諧趣在這個時代嚴重式微,僅有謝安為其中的典範人物。以荒誕狀示人的諧趣在魏末晉初最爲鼎盛,竹林名士的阮籍與劉伶即代表人物,後代的陶淵明已無前二人如此激烈的言行。這個時代的諧趣如此盛行,主要歸因於儒家思想退出主流地位,由道家精神取而代之。道家中的「兩極」概念突顯各種不協調與矛盾,與諧趣的運作不謀而合。同時菁英權貴的篡奪謀算與道德典範相衝突,於是時人貢獻的對象從君王國家轉向家族門第,成就自我變成人生的第一目標。如此的政治、思潮與社會的氛圍激發諧趣的流行,從而構築一空前壯觀的諧趣風尚。 The objective of The Trend of Xiequ during Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is to explore the xiequ phenomenon during this era and its contributing factors. As the western humor theories is already well developed, they are able to provide much reference to the purpose of this dissertation. As such, this dissertation first provides an introduction to three major humor theories—the Superiority Theory, the Relief Theory and the Incongruity Theory. Of which, the Incongruity Theory provides the most holistic view on humor, it therefore serves as the main theoretical reference of this dissertation. The chapter regarding xiequ in Wen-Xin Diao Lung is the earliest Chinese theoretical analysis on xiequ. Liu Xie graded the three objectives of xiequ—admonishing, entertaining and mocking, in terms of their morality. However, there is another objective of xiequ which Liu Xie had not mentioned, that is adopting a conduct of ridiculosity to repel coveters. Among four purposes of xiequ, entertaining and mocking are most common. As for observing the trend of xiequ, this dissertation focuses on the literary essays of xiequ and situational dialogues respectively. For literary essays, the authors of the era introduced new content that no longer emphasized on format and propriety, into traditional genres that suggested otherwise. It was done so via imaginary characters and fanciful plots to lay criticism on current affairs. In the meantime, the authors also were more than willing to take on distasteful topics and techniques. They were almost too keen to disregard propriety and offend others. For situational dialogues, xiequ enhanced portrayal of personal tastes and social events. Xiequ was also evident in public opinion. Due to moral compulsion, the public opinion was usually shaped as brief comments or doggerels to mock certain people, events and phenomena. Xiequ with an admonishing purpose was in decline in this era. Xie An is the only exemplary figure in this regard. Xiequ where one adopting a conduct of ridiculosity reached pinnacle during the end of Wei and the beginning of Jin, in which Ruan Ji and Liu Ling of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Grove were the most iconic figures in this regard. Tao Yuan Ming from a later period no longer had the same intensity as Ruan and Liu. The popularity of xiequ during this era could mainly be attributed to the diminishing influence of Confucianism as the domineering zeitgeist and its position was taken over by Taoism. The concept of dualism in Taoism underscored various incongruity and contradiction, which coincided with the mechanism of xiequ. In the meantime, the era had seen the clashes between the true color of numerous usurpers and moral values. As such, many had diverted their service toward the country to their families and clans instead. The portrayal of one’s talents became the top life goal for many. The popularity of xiequ was heightened by the political and social climate, as well as the shift in zeitgeist, and thus a sublime trend of xiequ was formed during Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/672 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201902864 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 中國文學系 |
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