明太祖的政治理念與教化實踐

Abstract

本文以探討明太祖之政治理念與教化實踐為目的，欲以分析明太祖之政治觀與對不同政治角色之教化實踐的意義，進而藉此以試圖描繪明太祖之專制統治的樣貌。全文的內容可為兩個部分：第一部分將分析明太祖之政治理念及其特色（第一章），第二部分將探討明太祖對於知識份子與群眾教化的實踐（第二、三章）。在第一部分中，我們將會看到，明太祖有意地援引儒、釋、道三教的思想傳統，以形塑人君之政治統治的權威形象。在第二部分中，本文將先討論明太祖如何藉由對於孔廟祀典與相關廟祀的更動與創制，以表達其對於道統與治統這組界定政治統治之合法性的概念的思考，進而回應知識份子所提出之「治」、「教」裂為二的批判論述；此外，本文又將討論明太祖對於鄉里社會之秩序的非正常化現況、及其對於相關問題的回應與制度性的更定，以建構教化群眾的社會機制，同時，也欲藉此以擴展國家對於鄉里社會的支配能力。

This study deals with Ming Tai-tsu’s political ideas and his practice of enlightenment, analyzing Ming Tai-tsu’s political thought and the meaning of his practice and enlightenment , capture the image of Ming tai-tsu’s autocracy. In chapter one, we analyze the characteristices of Ming Tai-tsu’s political ideas. We discover that Ming Tai-tsu expresses his viewpoints via altering the sacrifice of Heaven and Earth, and via politically interpreting those classics of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. In chapter two, we talk about Ming Tai-tsu changes some regulations of Confucian temple (孔廟) and found the temple of emperors (帝王廟). These manifest that Ming Tai-tsu denies the supremacy of the geneology of Tao (道統), and he would like to raise the status of the geneology of sovereignty (治統). It means that Ming Tai-tsu weakens the autonomy of intellectuals. In chapter three, we discuss Ming Tai-tsu’s viewpoints about the orders of local societies. In the one hand, he constrains the influence of local wealthy families, rendering some powers of self-government and believing the administration of local societies can be undertaken by multitude; in the other hand, he enlightens multitude by politically advocating Confucian ethics, strengthening his power over local societies.