天下之患為人滿：清朝嘉、道、咸以來的棚民問題、士人議論與官方政策

Abstract

本研究在構思上的規劃，是以嘉、道、咸為時代背景，而聚焦在遊民、流民、棚民、客民、山居之民，此類隨著人口增加所衍生出的問題。同時，配合著清代士人的議論，以及清廷的各類章程辦法的推行，筆者試圖在此研究中由多重的視角，來透視這段時間中清代中國的重大危機。也就是由士人的遊民論述、官方的管理章程，以及士紳救濟安置措施中，得以一窺「人滿為患」所帶來的一連串由內變力量所引發的各類衝擊。同時，最後筆者也希望透過此一研究，進而理解此類問題，是否恰如汪士鐸所言，恰恰為日後大亂的源頭。或如相關研究的論點所言，棚民、客民等問題，最終成為了革命前夕蘊蓄日後钜大變動力量的溫床。本論文的研究，最終試圖提出一種概括的看法，也就是這些看似局限於一地的矛盾與衝突，其實可以回溯到清中葉龔自珍的奇異言論，山中之民如何引發驚天動地的震動與影響，神鬼亦起波濤，大地如何鼓動。此後，汪士鐸的言論中，太平天國之起事中，又如何可以見到「山中之民」與「平原之民」間的矛盾，如何激化成席捲全國的戰事。或許，我們可以這樣重新審視有關清代棚民的各種歷史敘事，我們從中看到了「山中之民」的不滿與憤怒，如何經歷了漫長的歲月，最終轉化成了日後新中國共產革命運動的溫床。由江西井岡山上的「高地的革命」開始，土、客民間的各種矛盾，山中之民與平原之民間的紛紛擾擾中，共產革命奏出了最初的序曲，這一場革命最終由江西井岡山上的根據地擴張至全國，並進而影響了日後千千萬萬中國人的命運與生活。

This research distinguish into two part, first is a historical trace of Shake-people, the other part will focus on the Hui-ju(徽州) and their own local file. In my research, I hope that I can find out the true historical image of the pengmin, not only from the imperial archives, but also in the local’s writings and documents. And even more, we can also see what truly happened in the literati’s mind, and see what responses in the mid-Qing dynasty. During my research, I found out that, there have been three important issue needs to be more detail analysis. This dissertation will divided to two part, each including several chapters. Basically, it can been focus in three agendas. 1.How about the literati’s responses to their time, especially according to the social, environmental and political situation in the mid-Qing Dynasty. 2.The Qing Dynasty’s government how to deal with the condition of the population growing, and the development of the mountain area. 3.What we can find out in the Pengmin’s life, and what we can compare it with the James Scot’s research.