心理調適行為對擁擠感受之影響

Abstract

社會容許量議題經過長期探討，以協助遊憩管理者評估區內應容納的遊客量，其中認為擁擠感受為良好的社會容許量測量因子。但部分研究也發現，遊客於遊憩使用程度明顯增加時，產生的擁擠感受仍偏低或是不如研究假設預期的敏感（Heberlein & Vaske, 1977; Heberlein & Vaske, 1979; Heberlein & Proudman, 1986; Heberlein & Kuentzel, 2002）。這樣的現象其原因可能在於遊客會在遊憩區環境不佳的情況下改變他們的評估標準，調整對遊憩區的認知，也就是他們採用了心理調適策略以緩解遊憩區產生的壓力源（Manning, 1999; Laven, Manning & Krymkowski, 2005）。此外，調適的過程於每次接觸情形發生時皆有可能觸發（Lazarus & Folkman, 1984），長期下來可能改變遊客對擁擠的判斷標準。雖然根據理論認為心理調適可能會影響到遊客對擁擠的判斷，但少有研究成功的以量化方式驗證此關連性，本研究因此回顧過去相關文獻，釐清遊客面對擁擠時產生的調適行為和認知改變的過程，並以此擬出驗證心理調適影響擁擠感受的量化方法。本研究地點為陽明山國家公園二子坪遊憩區，研究方法部分，為了讓受測者專注於擁擠課題、排除其它擁擠感受的影響因素和讓擁擠程度足以產生調適反應，採用視覺評估法，以148張不同景深的人數變化之步道相片進行填答，心理調適程度因受限過程中無法判別遊客產生調適的時間點，以現地詢問9題合理化和產品轉移問項進行評估。研究成果可分為三部分：其一為遊客的擁擠感受評值受到相片內容的影響，人數越多、距離越近皆越容易感受到擁擠，結果具有顯著差異；其二為遊客對於人數的擁擠感受會受到個人特質的影響，初次來訪者的擁擠感受顯著較高，且以運動社交為遊憩目的者擁擠感受顯著較低；其三為心理調適行為顯著影響擁擠感受評值，表示心理調適程度越高者，越不容易感受到擁擠。研究結果呼應了過去研究成果，認為除了現地環境之外，遊客的擁擠感受可能受到個人的因素所影響，本研究驗證了其中心理調適行為會影響到遊客的擁擠感受，如此未來遊憩管理者在遊客對於使用量的變化不敏感時，可深入瞭解遊客的調適行為所造成的影響。

Social capacity issues have been long-term discussed by researchers in order to help recreation managers evaluate the number of tourists in the area. Researchers have also concluded that crowding perception is a suitable measurement of social capacity. However, some studies have found that when use level increased significantly in recreational area, tourists remain low crowding perception or not as sensitive as we expect in hypotheses (Heberlein & Vaske, 1977; Heberlein & Vaske, 1979; Heberlein & Proudman, 1986; Heberlein & Kuentzel, 2002). One passible explanation is that tourists change their evaluation criteria and adjusted the cognition of this area when facing the poor environmental quality, in the words and they use cognitive coping strategy to eliminate the stressors of environment (Manning, 1999; Laven, Manning & Krymkowski, 2005). In addition, the process of coping possibly triggers at each contact situations (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). So the long-term use of coping may cause tourists’ cognitive dissonance to crowding perception. According to the stress-coping theory, cognitive coping will influence the judgment of crowding, but few studies have successfully verified this relationship. Therefore, our research reviews past literatures in order to understand the process of tourists change their cognitive thinking when facing crowding conditions, so we could figure out a quantitative method to proof the relationship of cognitive coping to crowding perception. Study area is in Erzihping Recreation Area of Yangmingshan National Park. And we use visual approach method to measure crowding perception so that tourists could focus on crowding issue, exclusive other influence factors of crowded feelings, and create a crowded enough situation to trigger coping responses. Totally 148 photos are evaluated, and due to limitation of judging the timing of cognitive coping happened, we develop 9 questions of rationalize and product shift to evaluate the degree of cognitive coping. Research findings can be divided into three parts: first, photo content influences crowding perception, the more people and the closer they are on the photo, participants have significantly higher crowding perception; second, personal characteristics influences crowding perception, first-time tourists and the group who came here purposes for exercise and social activities have significantly higher crowding perception; third, cognitive coping behavior has significant influence on crowding perception, the higher degree of cognitive coping, the lower crowding they feel. Research findings show that except for environment, tourists crowding perception may be influenced by personal factors, and this study validated cognitive coping behavior influence crowding perception. The results verify previous studies, and provide recommendations for recreation managers to depth the influence of cognitive coping to understand why people are not sensitive to use level.