原住民族部落自然資源治理的社會網絡與人地關係：台灣花蓮縣銅門村溪流保育與推動慕谷慕魚自然人文生態景觀區為例

Abstract

本研究從自然資源治理的人類社會系統切入小尺度社區保育與資源治理之過程，在人類社會與環境生態系統為一個共同演育的整體過程，透過關係網絡的觀點分析社會關係運作以及權力結構與自然資源治理過程及結果的交互關係，並關注社會關係網絡與權力關係對自然資源治理過程與成效之關聯。研究目的包括在特定時間與空間尺度識別自然資源治理過程中的行動者與權益關係人及其之間的社會關係網絡與權力結構，並將人類社會系統與環境生態系統做為整體來理解自然資源治理過程中，社會關係網絡運作與資源治理方向的連結，從中掌握社會關係與地方回復力的實踐，並歸納詮釋小/跨尺度以地方為基礎的自然資源治理社會關係網絡運作對地方資源治理的成效與對社會運作之潛能。本研究自2007年以參與式取徑進入研究個案社會情境，主要以訪談與觀察等方式蒐集資料，輔以2011年問卷調查族人對環境與自然資源的識覺及對治理狀況的想法，試圖從質性觀點深入刻畫社會關係網絡脈絡，並輔以量化指標相互交叉討論。研究結果顯示社會關係網絡根植於地方的歷史文化脈絡以及當代的社會權力層次中，其在資源治理的過程中同時為催化與窒礙的雙面刃，且關係網絡在社會系統中作為資源治理資訊與權力流動的彰顯與自然資源賦權社會系統的共生演化將交互作用於資源治理而互為因果。本研究建議地方在自然資源治理前與過程中皆應關注社會關係網絡的樣貌與變化，理解其與資源治理及環境狀態的交互影響，以增長社區保育與小尺度自然資源治理的社會彈性，使資源治理過程與在地執行的保育計畫不僅在環境保育與生態資源能永續，亦能有助於人類活動的生計與社會福祉。

This research examines the social relational networks embedded in the environment during the process of local small-scale natural resource governance. To discuss the impacts and effects of social relations on environmental conservation, this study uses a network perspective derived from social-ecological systems studies. Using an indigenous village, Tongmen village, as a case study, this research aims to reveal social issues embedded within natural resources governance through a network perspective, and to analyze the relationships between patterns of social networks, efficacy of resource management, and local resilience building through an integrated social-ecological viewpoint. For a deeper narrative in the context of social relations and power structure, this study uses qualitative interviews and on-site observation as the main methods to collect data. In addition, questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data, including interviewees’ attributes, environmental perception and thoughts, and social network. The findings indicate that social networks act both as a facilitator and as an obstruction, and will further impact on the natural resources. Understanding the social relational network context of the community will help governors to fix the social problems of the local natural resources management project. This study suggests that more consideration should be given to the social relations before and during the process of local resources governance project, and before making policy decisions to make sure that the social conditions is health and will lead to a truly sustainable future, both environmentally and socially.