台灣所得分配決定因素之探討(1999-2013)

Abstract

本文探討影響台灣所得分配的因素，樣本期間為1999年到2013年共15年，以台灣20個縣市的稅後所得資料計算準吉尼係數、稅後所得差距倍數及Palma ratio等三個指標作為所得分配的指標。本文使用固定效果模型及隨機效果模型進行追蹤資料迴歸分析，並以Hausman test進行檢定，檢定結果發現準吉尼係數和稅後所得差距倍數模型適用於固定效果模型，而Palma ratio模型適用於隨機效果模型。此外，本文進行LLC單根檢定，檢定結果發現所有應變數及自變數資料均為定態，再進行迴歸分析。

實證結果發現，所得成長、人口成長、高等教育人力資源增加、高等教育失業人口增加、金融深化、實質資本累積、國內資金外移及服務業就業人口增加等因素均會造成所得分配不均惡化，而勞動參與程度增加、人口老化、地方財政支出增加(包含經濟支出、教育科學文化支出及福利支出，但經濟建設支出對於三種所得分配指標影響均不顯著)、外國資金流入等則均有助於改善所得分配不均。

This study investigates the determinants of the income inequality in Taiwan. We calculate sub-Gini coefficient, after-tax Oshima index and Palma ratio as income inequality indicators by using after-tax income data for 20 cities and counties in Taiwan during the period 1999-2013. We apply fixed-effects and random-effect panel regressions for our empirical investigation, and conduct Hausman test. The result indicates that we should use fixed-effects panel regressions in sub-Gini-coefficient model and after-tax-Oshima-index model, and use random-effect panel regressions in Palma-ratio model. Besides, we conduct LLC unit-root test, and the result indicates that all variables are stationary, and apply regression analysis. Our empirical findings show that the aspects of the growth of income, population growth, human resources of higher education, unemployment in higher education, financial deepening, the accumulation of real capital, increasing in employment of service and outflow of capital etc. have positive relationship with income inequality measures. However, the degree of labor force participation, aging population, each item of local government expenditure (including economic construction, education and welfare), inflow of capital etc. are negatively correlated with income inequality measures.