伊藤計劃的《虐殺器官》與《和諧》中的生命政治與死亡政治

Abstract

本論文以日本科幻作家伊藤計劃的《虐殺器官》與《和諧》為文本，以生命政治理論探究政府權力與個人自由在後九一一時代日益加劇的緊張關係。本文將伊藤的兩本小說視為反烏托邦作品，旨在突顯其對於政府政策的批評，探索抵抗政府控制的可能性。本文共分為三個章節。第一章追溯傅柯、阿甘本、姆邊貝與埃斯波西托的著作所討論的死亡政治，探討生命政治思想如何釐清自身與死亡政治的緊密關係。以埃斯波西的「免疫典範」與姆邊貝的「死亡政治」為重，論文的二、三章欲分析死亡政治如何表現在政府的預防措施與主角們的抵抗手段。第二章聚焦於後九一一時代政府的預防措施，而這些政策目的是強化邊界以防範潛在威脅。本章以免疫典範為基礎，分析政府的預防措施如何適得其反，引起自體免疫。第三章檢視自體免疫現象，認為此危機所導致的身體與精神上的死亡如同姆邊貝所說的死亡政治。本章涉及日本科幻脈絡的「世界系」文類，解釋主角們如何把死亡轉化為一種抵抗政府控制的自我宣示。透過生命政治理論閱讀《虐殺器官》與《和諧》，本文認為免疫擁有的自我毀滅的邏輯不僅是導致政府產生死亡政治的原因，亦是主角們用來產生自我免疫的手段。

This thesis explores the growing tensions in the post 9/11 era between governmental power and individual freedom in Japanese SF writer Project Itoh’s Genocidal Organ and Harmony through a biopolitical theoretical framework. I consider Itoh’s two novels as literary dystopias to highlight their criticism towards government policies and explore possible resistances against government control. Chapter One examines how biopolitical thought seeks to untangle its close ties with the politics of death, tracing the politics of death discussed in the works of Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Achille Mbembe, and Roberto Esposito. Through a biopolitical approach centered on Esposito’s immunitary paradigm and Mbembe’s necropolitics, the subsequent two chapters analyze how the politics of death are demonstrated in the preventive measures from the governments and counter-strategies from the protagonists. Chapter Two focuses on the post-9/11 governments’ preventive measures that aim to establish borders to defend themselves from potential threats. Based on the immunitary paradigm, this chapter examines how the preventive measures backfire and cause autoimmunity. Chapter Three analyzes the autoimmunity crisis and considers the consequent physical and spiritual deaths as necropolitical forms of death and dying. This chapter includes the Japanese context of sekaikei works to discuss how the protagonists transform death into a declaration of agency against government oppression. Through a biopolitical reading of Itoh’s Genocidal Organ and Harmony, this thesis suggests that the self-destructive logic of immunity is not only what causes the governments to produce the politics of death, but serves as the means used by the protagonists to immunize themselves.