都市公園空間分布型態對降溫效益影響之研究

Abstract

隨著都市化的過程，高密集的工商活動、高度依賴與消耗非再生能源的生活型態，改變都市氣候並且造成都市環境問題，降低都市居民的生活品質以及影響都市的永續發展，其中都市熱島現象的影響受到人們關注，而都市公園能夠產生局部冷島效應，調節都市微氣候達到改善都市熱環境的效益，因此綠地空間的存在對於都市有其重要性。 過去公園規劃主要著重於提供足夠的公園數量，並且以公園服務半徑作為公園劃設區位的參考，然而在全球氣候變遷與熱島效應的趨勢下，公園所能提供的冷島效應也應該被納入規劃的重要考量因子。過去研究著重在單一公園對周圍戶外環境的降溫影響，關於公園數量與其空間分布，對整個區域內的降溫影響目前尚未被釐清，因此本研究的主要目的為探討公園空間分布型態對降溫的影響。 研究地點位在臺北市中山區，面積約171公頃。本研究的公園空間分布型態由公園總面積、公園分布位置兩者來定義，參考過去文獻以及內政部營建署的公園面積分類、臺北市政府工務局路燈工程處的公園管轄面積進行方案研擬，最後共計八種公園空間分布型態方案。研究工具使用ENVI-met 3.1軟體進行方案的數值模擬，模擬時段為早上8點到下午6點。最後取模擬結果的最高溫時段下午2點以及方案間溫差最大的下午6點，進行後續資料分析。 研究結果顯示，不同公園空間分布型態對戶外環境的降溫效果有顯著差異。以逐步回歸分析的結果顯示，影響公園降溫最大的因素為公園總面積，其次為公園的空間分布，當公園總面積越大的情況，降溫效果越好，另一方面，公園空間分布越分散，效果越好。

With the process of urbanization, lifestyle of high density of industrial and commercial activities, which is highly dependent on the consumption of non-renewable energy sources, such as burning oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels, has changed urban climate and caused environmental problems, declined the urban living standards and affected the sustainable urban development. Urban heat island (UHI) is one of most serious parts. A city park can produce local cold island effect, and regulate urban microclimate as to improve efficiency of urban thermal environment, so it is importance for the city to has green spaces. In the past, planners always primarily focused on providing sufficient quantity of parks, and used service radius of the park to be a reference when planning the location of the park. However, in the trend of global climate change and the heat island effect, local cold island effect of the park also offer an important consideration factors, and it should be included in planning. Previous studies focused on the cooling effect of surrounding outdoor environment of one single park, but in the aspect of the number of parks and their spatial distribution, its cooling effect on the entire region has not yet been clarified. So, the main purpose of this study was to investigate that how spatial distributions of parks affect the park local cold island effect. Study sites located in the Zhongshan district, Taipei, with area of about 171 hectares. In this study, the spatial distribution of the park is defined by both the total area of the park, and the distribution and location of the park. The study refers to the past literature Construction and Planning Agency (1999), and Parks and Street Lights Office of Taipei City Government, and develop the scenario. Finally, there are eight kinds of the scenario. Use ENVI-met 3.1 software as tools to conduct numerical simulations. Simulation period is from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Then, we take the hottest period time, 1:00 pm, to analysis. Study results showed that the different spatial distribution of parks resulted in different local park cooling effect. Stepwise multiple regression results showed that the total park area and spatial distribution eveness were the key factors influence the local park cooling effect. The more total park area, the better cooling effect it can be. In the case that the parks scattered over the site, we will get a well local park cooling effect.