承認或是重分配？檢視傅瑞澤與洪內特的辯論

Abstract

「承認」自泰勒（Charles Taylor）之後已成為當代政治哲學的關鍵語彙，用以證明爭取身分認同與文化差異的重要性，甚至取代傳統政治哲學對資源重分配的關懷。然而，隨著全球化的腳步，資本主義不斷擴張致使貧富差距持續擴大，對於經濟重分配的要求同樣不可被漠視。於是，承認和重分配同樣是正義理論迫切需要面對的議題，但卻遇上一個棘手的困境：差異政治與身分政治鼓勵肯定差異團體的特殊性，憑藉差異以滿足群體的身分認同；然而，想要達到經濟重分配反而必須倚賴消弭差異才能達到，這之中所充滿的緊張與矛盾該如何處理？ 傅瑞澤（Nancy Fraser）與洪內特（Axel Honneth）長期以來針對「承認或是重分配」究竟何者重要進行理論建構與辯論。傅瑞澤反對差異政治取代經濟不正義的模式，而主張兩者並重的「觀點二元論」；洪內特則將承認視為正義理論根本的範疇，並透過其承認領域的區別將經濟問題視為爭取承認鬥爭的衍伸物。本文將透過對兩人理論的爬梳來理解正義理論的各種樣貌，透過兩人的爭論將豐富我們對正義理論的認識。本文透過三個關於平等的問題來檢視承認與重分配之間的關係，並得出以下結論：不論是對文化承認或對經濟分配的平等訴求，最終將以重分配為動機，而真正的平等只能體現在政治程序與法律制度上。

The concept of ‘recognition’, as developed by Charles Taylor and having become a key word in modern political philosophy, is employed to underline the implications of identity politics and cultural differences. With the advent of these phenomena, the focus of traditional politics has moved from mere resource redistribution to recognition. Globalization and the expansion of capitalism, however, have aggravated the poverty gap problem. Thus the problems of redistribution remain to be taken seriously. Given that recognition and redistribution are both urgent issues to be addressed in a theory of justice, there are conflicting demands that only a comprehensive framework can accommodate: identity politics encourages uniqueness among individual groups, while economic redistribution requires eliminating differences to achieve equality. How should we resolve the tension between recognition and redistribution? Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth have engaged in a debate on these issues. Fraser argues against replacing redistribution with recognition, and brings up her “perspective dualism” to place the two ideals on an equal footing. Honneth, on his part, conceives recognition as the fundamental value of justice. He recasts it in three categories to explain the socialist ideal of treating redistribution as a subvariety of the struggle for recognition. Through an examination of the debate between Fraser and Honneth, this dissertation intends to figure out the proper relationship between recognition and redistribution. By asking three questions on equality, I conclude that whether to search for culture recognition or economic redistribution, the ultimate concern is about resources redistribution. Real equality can only be realized through political procedures and institutions of law.