六至十五個月大嬰兒對自行運動物體目標導向行為的社會判斷

Abstract

對於動作者目標導向行為的適切社會評價，是嬰兒理解人際間社會互動方式的重要能力之一。在正確判斷動作者行為的社會意義之前，嬰兒必須先了解動作者的行為目標，接著考量行為出現時的社會情境，才得以適切對動作者進行社會偏好及評價。過去研究發現，周歲前嬰兒已有目標行為理解能力；並依據社會情境，出現偏好產生助人行為之動作者的社會判斷。然而，嬰兒社會判斷能力隨年齡而變的發展趨勢卻尚待釐清；而且，是否嬰兒在進行助人者的社會判斷時，除了動作者的行為之外，也能利用情境線索進行判斷？本研究目的之一，即在於檢驗6、9、12、15個月大的嬰兒，對自行運動物體行為進行社會判斷能力發展。本研究以三個實驗來檢驗研究目的。實驗一檢驗嬰兒對動作者行為的社會判斷。從嬰兒眼動行為中發現9-15個月大嬰兒在動作者協助或妨礙另一物體達成目標的兩種情形下，出現助人行為的注視偏好，6個月大嬰兒沒有相似的注視偏好；實驗二則檢驗實驗一的結果是否受到動作接受者具有社會互動個體知覺（人臉特徵）與運動（自我移動）特徵的影響，結果顯示「自我移動性」而非「知覺」特徵為嬰兒進行社會判斷的重要線索。實驗三則檢驗嬰兒進行社會判斷時，互動情境的影響。嬰兒看到與實驗一相同的動作，但是動作者妨礙另一物體達成行為目標，在特定的情境下實為助人行為。結果顯示只有15個月大的嬰兒才能考慮「情境因素」，進而影響其社會判斷。本研究結果顯示9-15個月大的嬰兒，已能理解簡單的社會目標導向行為；此外，15個月大嬰兒能考慮到情境因素，進行較複雜的社會判斷。研究結果除了顯示嬰兒對行為進行社會判斷的發展趨勢，也具有理解兒童推論他人心智狀態能力發展的意涵。

The ability to interpret and evaluate the behavior of other individuals is essential for infants to explore the social world. Infants must be able to understand the actions and intentions of others, and make accurate evaluations and preference about them. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that infants are already able to evaluate the goal-directed actions and make accurate social judgment before their language fully developed. But the origins and development of this capacity are not well understood. The present research examined 6-、9-、12- and 15-month-old infants’ understanding of goal-directed actions. Six-、9-、12- and 15-month-old infants’ gaze was recorded by eye tracker as the infants observed videos of different actions toward the same actor. A series of three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 explored infants’ social judgment development, and found that infants preferred an individual who helps another to one who hinders another. Experiment 2 investigated whether the results of Experiment 1 were affected by infants’ perceptual bias. The result succeeded excluding the perceptual effects and found self-propelled behavior serving as cues to intentionality reading and helping infants make accurate social judgment. Experiment 3 examined infants’ social judgment when infants saw the same actions as Experiment 1, but an individual who hinder another was help behavior. Results demonstrated that 15-month-old infants can take contextual factors into account. The current study shown that 6-15 months old infants can understand the goal-directed actions. And infants at 9 months of age can make accurate social judgments. Finally, 15-month-old infants’ social judgment was affected by both social context and actor’s intention. The results demonstrated that the social judgment abilities are improving with ages.