從體質形態學研究探討台南石橋遺址蔦松文化之社會性別分工及其相關問題

Abstract

筆者擬運用體質形態學方法中的牙齒耗損、股骨粗壯度、脛骨扁平度以及相關墓葬研究，探討台南石橋遺址居民可能的生活方式與生業型態；並透過這些現象表現在性別上的差異，進而討論其性別分工的可能性。本文主要以台南縣石橋遺址蔦松文化期出土人骨作爲分析對象，透過體質形態學的測量與非測量分析進一步理解史前人類活動以及勞動模式，進而探知過去人群的可能生活方式與社會文化。體質形態學的測量學分析主要運用股骨粗壯度以及扁平度的討論則可作爲生業活動的參考指標。而其非測量的分析方式主要以牙齒病理學─牙齒耗損爲例。 筆者擬根據這些體質形態學的研究成果顯示在統計上的性別差異，探討蔦松文化人在性別方面可能的勞動模式及勞力分配等差異。並結合民族誌資料以及考古學中墓葬分析討論蔦松文化人的性別觀念及其社會價值觀。根據考古學研究，蔦松人應爲西拉雅人之祖先，故本研究中所運用之民族誌資料爲西拉雅族相關民族誌。而墓葬研究中，陪葬品的分析更能釐清性別的意義對於該社會的影響。此外，墓葬研究中葬姿、頭向、面向等屬性同樣也可作爲探討社會價值觀的依據。故本研究爲結合體質人類學、考古學以及民族學之綜合性研究。 本論文除了建立起臺灣鐵器時代的體質人類學基礎資料外，同時也將與同一時期北部十三行遺址的研究進行比較，進一步描繪出臺灣鐵器時代人類的社會及日常生活。

Tooth attrition, platycnemic and robusticity can provide information about what activities people did in the past, and the possibility of sexual division of labor. According to these indicators, we can comprehend prehistoric activities. In some societies, labor division is related to sex or gender. With sex and osteomorphometric identification from human skeletons, we can interpret the relationships between sex and labor divisions. In this thesis, I will discuss the sexual division of labor through human skeletons in the Shih-chiao site which is located at the Hsin-shih Township in the Tainan County of southern Taiwan.

There are four approaches will be applied in the thesis, they are (1) tooth attrition, (2) robusticity, (3) platycnemic and (4) burial analysis. Tooth attrition reveals how people used their teeth. Robusticity and platycnemic reflect the response of bone shafts to biomechanical stress as well as the enlargement of muscle attachment areas and joint surface associated with use. These former approaches will disclose the physical morphology of the prehistory people. From the first to the third approaches are physical anthropology analysis, and the fourth one is related to burial attribute and burial goods in archaeology. All of them will be accompanied with ethnographic data for discussing. Furthermore, considering with the sexual identification, I will explore ethnological information of local aboriginal people for historical explanations of these morphology result. I will mainly focus on the human remains in the Niao-sung ( 蔦松 ) period (ca. 1500-1700 B.P.). This research will benefit our understanding of the labor divisions by the people in southern Taiwan during the Iron Age. Finally, the result will be compared with the research of Shi San Hang Site ( 十三行遺址 ) in northern Taiwan. Through the comparison way, we may go one step further to comprehend the lifestyle in different indigenous society.