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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 郭錦樺 | |
dc.contributor.author | Chun-Ting Kuo | en |
dc.contributor.author | 郭俊廷 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T04:31:24Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2009-09-15 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2009-09-15 | |
dc.date.issued | 2009 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2009-08-19 | |
dc.identifier.citation | part I
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dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/45629 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 第一部份:開發固相萃取及高效液相層析的方法以定量生物樣品中的 aripiprazole及其代謝物dehydroaripiprazole
Aripiprazole是第一個多巴胺部分促效劑專用來治療精神分裂症,dehydroaripiprazole是其主要代謝物。人體血液及尿液中aripiprazole 及dehydroaripiprazole的定性及定量研究是藉由固相萃取(SPE)及高效液相層析(HPLC)來分析。這分析方法包含下列步驟:1)利用酸鹼溶液進行前處理以去蛋白質,2)利用Oasis HLB 管柱進行固相萃取以達到清洗及濃縮樣品,3)高效液相層析分析,樣品在前處理的回收率高達88.20 - 99.83 %。高效液相層析的最佳化條件是使用 C18 X Terra®管柱,dipotassium hydrogen phosphate緩衝液,酸鹼值8.35,和乙睛以40 : 60 v/v的比例混和形成移動相,以流速每分鐘1.0 mL沖提,aripiprazole及dehydroaripiprazole的血中濃度可在五分鐘內測定。此方法波峰面積一日內重複性的相對標準偏差低於0.11 % (n = 4),而日與日間中間精密度(inter-day)的相對標準偏差低於5.16 % (n = 3)。此方法在aripiprazole濃度範圍50 - 1000 ppb及dehydroaripiprazole 濃度範圍50 - 800 ppb之間具有良好線性(R = 0.999)。本研究最後將已確效的方法分析正在接受aripiprazole治療之精神病病患的血清及尿液。本研究所開發的固相萃取-高效液相層析條件可以在藥物監控及臨床研究上正確定量病人血液及尿液中aripiprazole及dehydroaripiprazole的濃度。 第二部分:以毛細管電泳及超高壓液相層析儀建立大黃的指紋圖譜 本研究以毛細管電泳(CE)及超高壓液相層析法(UHPLC; Waters UPLC 系統)建立大黃的指紋圖譜、並配合化學計量法(Chemometric)鑑別大黃之品種。此研究分析的樣品為大黃的兩個不同種分別為藥用大黃(Rheum officinale)及唐古特大黃(Rheum tanguticum),分析方法開發選取兩者所共同含有的十種成分:aloe-emodine, (+) cathechin, chrysophanol, emodine, (-) epicathechine gallate, gallic acid, physcion, rhein, sennoside A and sennoside B進行條件最適化。毛細管電泳系統之最適化分析條件是利用膠束電動層析法(micellar electrokinetic chromatography; MEKC)模式,其緩衝液為:30 mM sodium tetraborate / sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, 30 mM sodium deoxycholic acid (SDC), pH 8.6及26 % acetonitrile (v/v)。超效液相層析之最適化分析條件使用Waters® Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column 的管柱,移動相組成為0.05 % 磷酸緩衝溶液(溶液A)及acetonitrile (溶液B),由梯度模式下進行沖提,梯度模式為(溶液A : 溶液B):0 min, 90 : 10; 25 min, 79 : 21; 35 min, 67 : 33; 40 min, 35 : 65; 45 min, 35 : 65)。兩分析方法的偵測器波長均設定於254 nm,CE與UPLC的分析時間分別為21分鐘及45分鐘。兩方法分別使用樣品中十個標準品的滯留時間計算出再現性的相對標準偏差,CE的低於0.668 % (n = 3)而UPLC的低於0.144 % (n = 3)。精準度(inter-day)的相對標準偏差CE的低於3.105 % (n = 3) 而UPLC的低於1.437 % (n = 3)。由於CE的時間再現性較差且基線漂移嚴重,所建立的指紋圖譜須經由基線校正及peak alignment後,再進行相似度比對,UPLC指紋圖譜再現性佳,可將圖譜直接使用化學計量法進行分析。經由主成分分析法(PCA)分析可得到成功的分群結果。對於指紋圖譜差異較大的樣品經由去氧核醣核酸(DNA)的序列比對,確認其為雜交之品種。本研究所建立的指紋圖譜可應用於藥用大黃及唐古特大黃的品質管制。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Part I: Development of a solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in biological fluid
Aripiprazole is the first drug with dopamine partial agonist effect for schizophrenia. Dehydroaripiprazole is its major metabolite. The determination and validation of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in human serum and urine were performed by a combination of solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in this study. The method includes the following steps: 1) pre-treatment of acid-base solutions for deproteination, 2) application of SPE using an Oasis HLB cartridge for cleaning-up and concentration of the samples, 3) HPLC analysis. The recovery of sample pretreatment step was relatively high with recovery rate of 88.20 - 99.83 %. The optimized HPLC conditions were using a C18 X Terra® column, with an isocratic elution consisted of dipotassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.35, and acetonitrile (40 : 60 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The concentration of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole could be determined within 5 minutes. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak area for method repeatability (n = 4) and intermediate precision (inter-day, n = 3) were lower than 0.11 % and 5.16 %, respectively. The calibration curves revealed the method that was linear with concentration range between 50 - 1000 ppb for aripiprazole and 50 - 800 ppb for dehydroaripiprazole. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied to analyze serum and urine samples collected from patients receiving the aripiprazole treatment. The developed method can be used to quantitative determination of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole concentration in patients’ serum and urine for therapeutic monitoring and clinical research. Part II: Fingerprint analysis of rhubarb by capillary electrophoresis and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography This study used capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for chromatographic fingerprint analysis of rhubarb. With the application of chemometric approach, chromatographic fingerprint could be used for species differentiation. Ten common constituents in rhubarb, including aloe-emodine, (+)catechin, chrysophanol, emodine, (-)epicatechin gallate, gallic acid, physcion, rhein, sennoside A and sennoside B, were selected for analytical method development. The optimum micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) conditions were as followed: 30 mM sodium tetraborate / sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, 30 mM sodium deoxycholate (SDC), pH 8.6 with 26 % acetonitrile (v/v) as background electrolyte. The optimum condition of UPLC method used a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column for the separation. The mobile phase was composed of 0.05 % phosphate solution (solution A) and acetonitrile (solution B). The gradient profile was ( solution A: solution B): 0 min, 90 : 10; 25 min, 79 : 21; 35 min, 67 : 33; 40 min, 35 : 65; 45, min 35 : 65. The detector wavelength was set at 254 nm for both methods, and the total analytical time was 21 min for CE and 45 min for UPLC. Sixteen samples of Rheum officinale and Rheum tanguticum collected from various sources were analyzed by optimum analytical conditions. Chromatographic fingerprints of CE were subjected to peak alignment and baseline correction for further similarity test. On the other side, analytical results of UPLC show high precision with flat baseline. Chromatographic fingerprints of UPLC were directly used for Principal component analysis (PCA) and similarity test. PCA shows the chromatographic fingerprints of the two species could be successfully classified. The sample showing the least correlation with the representative chromatographic fingerprint was studied for its DNA sequences. DNA analysis demonstrated the sample to be a hybrid rhizome. The developed CE and UPLC chromatographic fingerprint methods could be applied for the quality control of rhubarb. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-15T04:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-98-R96423006-1.pdf: 2665282 bytes, checksum: 0fb767b36a108fb807b4c824175e3c53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書 ........................................................................................ I
誌謝 ……………………………………………………………………..II 摘要 …………………………………………………………………….III Abstract ........................................................................................................ V List of Figures ........................................................................................... XII List of Tables ............................................................................................ XVI Part I. Development of a solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in biological fluid ............. 1 Background presentation ....................................................................... 2 A-1. Aripiprazole .......................................................................... 2 A-1-1. Pharmacodynamics ................................................................... 2 A-1-2. Pharmacokinetics ...................................................................... 3 A-2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ........... 4 A-2-1. Analysis principal ...................................................................... 5 Motivation ............................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 8 2. Experimental ................................................................................... 10 2.1. Chemicals ............................................................................. 10 2.2. Instrumentation .................................................................... 11 2.3. Chromatographic conditions ................................................ 11 2.4. Preparation of standard solution .......................................... 11 2.5. Drug administration and serum sampling ............................ 12 2.6. Sample preparation ............................................................... 12 3. Result and Discussion ..................................................................... 13 3.1. Sample preparation method development ............................ 13 3.2. Analytical method development .......................................... 15 3.3. Analytical method validation ............................................... 15 3.3.1. Precision and accuracy ............................................................. 16 3.3.2. Linearity and limit of detection ................................................ 17 3.3.3. Specificity ................................................................................. 17 3.3.4. Stability ..................................................................................... 18 3.4. Clinical application .............................................................. 18 4. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 19 5. References ....................................................................................... 21 X Figures part I. ...................................................................................... 26 Tables part I. ........................................................................................ 32 Part II. Fingerprint analysis of rhubarb by capillary electrophoresis and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography ..................................... 35 Background ......................................................................................... 36 B-1. Rhubarb ............................................................................... 36 B-1-1. Species ..................................................................................... 36 B-1-2. Cultivation and consumption .................................................. 36 B-1-3. Medicinal uses ......................................................................... 37 B-2. Chromatographic Fingerprint .............................................. 39 B-3. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) ............................................ 41 B-3-1. Instrumentation ....................................................................... 41 B-3-2. Separation technology ............................................................. 43 B-3-3. Efficiency and resolution ........................................................ 46 B-3-4. Detection ................................................................................. 47 B-3-5. CE mode applied in our study ................................................. 48 B-3-5-1. Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MEKC) ..................................................................................... 48 B-4. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ......... 50 B-4-1. Efficiency by small particles ................................................... 52 B-4-2. Modern pump designs for smaller particles ............................ 53 B-4-3. Solution for sample carry over ................................................ 53 B-4-4. Loop mode .............................................................................. 54 B-4-5. Gradient mode ......................................................................... 54 B-4-6. Modern design of detection ..................................................... 55 B-4-7. Conclusion ............................................................................... 56 B-5. Chemometric ....................................................................... 57 B-6. Alignment: Correlation optimized warping (COW) ........... 59 B-6-1. Theory ..................................................................................... 59 B-7. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ................................ 64 B-7-1. Theory ..................................................................................... 64 B-7-2. Characteristics of principal components. ................................ 66 B-7-3. Conclusion ............................................................................... 66 Motivation. .......................................................................................... 67 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 69 2. Experimental ................................................................................... 71 2.1. Material and reagents ........................................................... 71 2.1.1. Chemicals ................................................................................. 71 2.1.2. Rhubarb samples ...................................................................... 71 2.2. Instrument ............................................................................ 72 2.2.1. Capillary electrophoresis .......................................................... 72 2.2.1.1. Capillary electrophoresis system .................................. 72 XI 2.2.1.2. Capillary treatment ....................................................... 73 2.2.2. Ultra performance liquid chromatography ............................... 73 2.3. Preparation of standard solution .......................................... 74 2.4. Preparation of sample solution ............................................. 75 2.5. Isolation of DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA sequencing................................................................... 75 3. Result and discussion ...................................................................... 76 3.1. CE analysis ........................................................................... 76 3.1.1. MEKC method development .................................................... 76 3.1.1.1. ACN % ......................................................................... 77 3.1.1.2. Applied voltage ............................................................ 78 3.1.2. Method precision ...................................................................... 79 3.1.3. Analysis of rhubarb samples by CE .......................................... 79 3.2. Chemometric methods ......................................................... 80 3.2.1. Baseline correction ................................................................... 81 3.2.2. Alignment ................................................................................. 82 3.2.3. Correlation coefficient of CE fingerprints ................................ 82 3.3. UPLC analysis ...................................................................... 83 3.3.1. UPLC method development ..................................................... 83 3.3.1.1. Buffer solution .............................................................. 84 3.3.1.2. Optimization of gradient profile ................................... 84 3.3.2. Method precision ...................................................................... 85 3.3.3. Analysis of rhubarb samples by UPLC .................................... 86 3.3.4. Correlation coefficient of UPLC fingerprints ........................... 86 3.4. Classification of R. tanguticum and R. officinale by Principal component analysis (PCA) ................................................... 87 3.5. Comparison of UPLC and CE Fingerprinting method ........ 88 3.6. Comparision of correlation coefficient of CE and UPLC fingerprints ............................................................................ 89 3.7. Chemical markers ................................................................. 90 3.8. DNA analysis ....................................................................... 90 3.9. Comparison of chromatographic fingerprint and DNA analysis methods for species differentiation ........................ 92 4. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 93 4.1. The importance of chromatographic fingerprint .................. 95 4.2. Future work .......................................................................... 95 5. References ....................................................................................... 97 Tables Part II. .................................................................................... 107 Figures Part II .................................................................................... 113 XII List of Figures Part I. Fig. A- 1. Schematic illustration of the evolution of HPLC instrument [43]. .................................................................... 5 Fig. A- 2. An illustration of the separation principal of column of HPLC [44]. ............................................................................ 6 Fig. I- 1. Structures of aripiprazole (A) and dehydroaripiprazole (B). ....................................................................................... 26 Fig. I- 2. Recovery of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole obtained from four protein denaturation methods. ............. 26 Fig. I- 3. Calibration curve of aripiprazole. ................................ 27 Fig. I- 4. Calibration curve of dehydroaripiprazole. ................... 27 Fig. I- 5. HPLC Chromatograms obtained under optimum separation condition. (A) Blank human serum; (B) 2 ppm of arpiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole standard; (C.) Blank human serum spiked with 400 ppb of arpiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole. HPLC conditions: Waters X Terra® C18 column, 100×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm; 10 mM phosphate buffer (adjusted with phosphoric acid to pH 8.35) and acetonitrile (40 : 60 v/v); Ambient; 1 ml min-1 ; 254 nm; 20 μL sample. ............................................................................................. 28 Fig. I- 6. HPLC Chromatogram of aripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole and other anti-psychotic drugs obtained under optimum separation conditions. Chromatographic conditions are the same as indicated in Figure 5. ............... 29 Fig. I- 7. Chromatograms of (A) patient serum and (B)urine after 14 days of medication with 15 mg/day of Abilify®. Chromatographic conditions are the same as indicated in Figure 5. .............................................................................. 29 Fig. I- 8. Distribution of serum concentration of aripiprazole XIII obtained from 25 Chinese patients. ..................................... 30 Fig. I- 9. Distribution of serum concentration of dehydroaripiprazole obtained from 25 Chinese patients. ... 31 Part II. Fig. B- 1. Dried root of R. officinale Baill .................................. 38 Fig. B- 2. Schematic illustration of a capillary electrophoresisi instrument.[86] .................................................................... 42 Fig. B- 3. Representation of migration of neutral, anionic and cationic analytes in a capillary due to electroosmotic flow and electrophoretic mobility. In this illustration, A is analyte; + and - represent the cation and anion, the number of the + and -, means the valency of the ion [48]. ............................ 45 Fig. B- 4. Representation of electroosmotic flow in a capillary. 46 Fig. B- 5. Electroosmotic flow (A) and pumped laminar flow (B) [49]. ..................................................................................... 47 Fig. B- 6. An illustration of MEKC mode in capillary. .............. 49 Fig. B- 7. Van Deemter curve for different particle sizes (10, 5, 3, 1.7 μm) [8]. ......................................................................... 51 Fig. B- 8. An illustration of first step of COW. .......................... 60 Fig. B- 9. An illustration of second step of COW. ..................... 61 Fig. B- 10. An illustration of third step of COW. ....................... 62 Fig. B- 11. An illustration of the final step of COW. ................. 63 Fig. B- 12. An illustration of Principal component analysis (PCA) [68]. ..................................................................................... 65 Fig. II- 1. Structures of aloe-emodin (1), chrysophanol (2), physcion (3), (+)cathechin (4), sennoside B (5), sennoside A (6), emodin (7), (-)epicathechin gallate (8), rhein (9) and gallic acid (10). .................................................................. 113 XIV Fig. II- 2. Electropherograms under different percentages of organic solvent. The background electrolyte was composed of 15 mM Na2B4O7 / 15 mM NaH2PO4, 30 mM sodium deoxycolate (SDC), pH 8.6 under an applied voltage of 25 kV. ..................................................................................... 114 Fig. II- 3. Electropherograms under 25 kV and 28 kV of voltages. The background electrolyte was composed of 15 mM Na2B4O7 / 15 mM NaH2PO4, 30 mM sodium deoxycolate (SDC), pH 8.6 with 26% ACN. ........................................ 115 Fig. II- 4. Electropherogram of standard (A) and rhubarb extract (B) obtained under optimum analytical condition: 15 mM of sodium tetraborate / 15 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 30 mM sodium deoxycholate, pH 8.6, ACN 26 % (v/v) with a voltage of 25 kV. aloe-emodin (1), chrysophanol (2), physcion (3), (+)cathechin (4), sennoside B (5), sennoside A (6), emodin (7), (-)epicathechin gallate (8), rhein (9) and gallic acid (10). .................................................................. 116 Fig. II- 5. CE electropherogram of L446. ................................. 117 Fig. II- 6. CE electropherogram of H1205. ............................... 117 Fig. II- 7. 16 Electropherograms of rhubarb samples before baseline correction (A). 16 Electropherograms of rhubarb samples after baseline correction (B). ............................... 118 Fig. II- 8. 16 Electropherograms of rhubarb samples before alignment by COW (A). 16 Electropherograms of rhubarb samples after alignment by COW (B). .............................. 118 Fig. II- 9. Chromatogram for ACN range selection. Chromatogram of standards with a linear gradient from 0 min: 5% ACN to 40 min: 45 % ACN (A). Chromatogram of real sample with same condition as A in (B). ................... 119 Fig. II- 10. The graph of gradient shape of mobile phase in UPLC. ........................................................................................... 119 Fig. II- 11. Chromatogram of standards under optimized analytical method (0min: 10%, 25 min: 21%, 35min: 33%, 40min: 65%, 45min: 65%), aloe-emodin (1), chrysophanol (2), physcion (3), (+)cathechin (4), sennoside B (5), sennoside A (6), emodin (7), (-)epicathechin gallate (8), rhein (9) and gallic acid (10). ............................................ 120 XV Fig. II- 12. Representative UPLC chromatograms of Rheum officinale (L446). ............................................................... 121 Fig. II- 13. Representative UPLC chromatograms of Rheum tanguticum (H1205). ......................................................... 121 Fig. II- 14. Score plots of the first and second principal components obtained by PCA on the basis of UPLC analysis of 16 rhubarb samples. ...................................................... 122 Fig. II- 15. Score plots of second and third principal components obtained by PCA on the basis of UPLC analysis of 16 rhubarb samples. ............................................................... 122 Fig. II- 16. Comparison of electropherographic profiles of L446 and H697. .......................................................................... 123 Fig. II- 17. Comparison of chromatographic profiles of L446 and H697. ................................................................................. 123 Fig. II- 18. Comparison of electropherographic profiles of H1205 and H1209. ........................................................................ 124 Fig. II- 19. Comparison of chromatographic profiles of H1205 and H1209. ........................................................................ 124 Fig. II- 20. PCR product under 1.2% of agarose gel electrophoresis, 100kV, 30 min. ....................................... 125 Fig. II- 21. Phylogenetic tree of H1205, H1209, H1214 and H446. ........................................................................................... 125 Fig. II- 22. Two pair of primers, matKAF and trnK 1544R flanking region I, and matK780F and matK8R flanking for region II, were used for PCR amplification. The matK gene is 1518bp in length [18]. ................................................... 126 XVI List of Tables Part I Table I- 1. Linear range, linear relationship between peak-area ratio (y) and concentration (ppb) (X), and LLOQ (S/N = 10), LLOD (S/N = 3) for aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole. ............................................................................................ 32 Table I- 2. The stability of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole. The serum samples were kept at -80°C for 24 weeks. Expressed as % of recovery. ............................................... 32 Table I- 3. Analytical precision and accuracy of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in human serum. Intra-day, n = 4; inter-day, n = 3 .................................................................... 33 Part II Table II- 1. The production region, collection date and species of sixteen rhubarb samples. .................................................. 107 Table II- 2. Correlation coefficient of sixteen chromatographic fingerprints of rhubarb analyzed by CE. ........................... 109 Table II- 3. The extraction reproducibility of L446 by CE. (n = 3). ........................................................................................... 110 Table II- 4. The CE analytical precision of L446. (n = 3). ....... 110 Table II- 5. The extraction reproducibility of L446 by UPLC. (n = 3). ................................................................................... 111 Table II- 6. The UPLC analytical precision of L446. (n = 3). .. 111 Table II- 7. Correlation coefficient of sixteen UPLC fingerprints of rhubarb samples. ........................................................... 112 Table II- 8. Fourteen peaks (compounds) appeared in the loading plot of PCA ....................................................................... 112 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 第一部份:開發固相萃取及高效液相層析的方法以定量生物樣品中的 aripiprazole及其代謝物dehydroaripiprazole
第二部份:以毛細管電泳及超高壓液相層析儀建立大黃的指紋圖譜 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Part I: Development of a solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in biological fluid
Part II: Fingerprint analysis of rhubarb by capillary electrophoresis and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 97-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 李水盛,曾宇鳳,張文德 | |
dc.subject.keyword | Aripiprazole,Dehydroaripiprazole,高效液相層析,固相萃取,層析指紋圖譜,化學計量法,毛細管電泳,超效液相層析,大黃,主成分分析,去氧核醣核酸, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Aripiprazole,Dehydroaripiprazole,HPLC,SPE,serum,Chromatographic fingerprint,Chemometric,Capillary electrophoresis,UPLC,Rhubarb,PCA,DNA, | en |
dc.relation.page | 126 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2009-08-19 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 醫學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 藥學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 藥學系 |
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