宗教團體的公民性與公共參與-以台北靈糧堂為例

Abstract

不少研究顯示，近年來建構台灣公民社會最顯著的力量來自宗教團體。因此本文擬從社會資本的角度來探討：台灣宗教團體在態度上，如何培養參與者的公民性？包括：信任、互惠、包容等；在行為上，是如何提供參與者資源，產生公共參與？包括：自願服務、參與社會議題等。 並更進一步嘗試提問：參與者的屬性，又是如何影響這兩者間的關係？例如：當教會參與者偏向同質性時，是否不易產生公民性中對差異的包容。我們的研究對象是最大的獨立教會的台北靈糧堂，它具有眾多參與人數和分堂，也在社會服務上取得明顯的績效。 我們研究的方法除了文獻收集、參與觀察外，也對18位靈糧堂的參與者 (牧師、專業或全職事工、小組長、一般組員等)進行深度訪談。 我們的研究發現：參與者在教會聚會中，還有參與教會所舉辦的自願服務裡，透過教會內，與他者建立的人際網絡，能學會彼此信任和互惠；且透過服務教會外的弱勢他者，從中可以學會：（１）透過神來愛他人（２）開始意識到與自己生活處境不同的人（３）增強自身信仰（４）關懷與服務經驗類似的社會議題。 但是在公民性中的排他性裡，則顯示出有限的開放性、有限的包容性，尤其當對象性質越偏離教義規範時，則越容易遭排拒。在公共參與部份，則與個人屬性有關，個人背景（學經歷、家庭背景、社經地位等）越偏向社會弱勢或人文社會興趣者，在自願服務後，更易增強其將關懷感，與社會議題做連結，進而產生較積極的公共參與。

Many researches show that the main force constructing civil society in Taiwan is religious group. Therefore, the thesis would like to discuss the issue from social capital dimension. How the religious groups in Taiwan cultivate their participators’ civicness in attitude, and support resources to develop civic engagement in behavior, including serving others voluntarily and engaging social issues, etc. Moreover, the thesis would like to discuss how the attributes in participators influence both relations. For example, if the participators tend to be homogeneous, the religious group couldn’t tolerate the differences easily. The object we research is the The Bread of Life Christian Church in Taipei, the biggest independent church in Taiwan, who has many participators, branches and obvious achievements in social service. Except documents collecting and participating observing, we deeply interview eighteen participators in The Bread of Life Christian Church, including clergyman, fulltime participators, team leader and basic participators. We find that from the gathering and serving voluntarily hold by the church, the participators can construct their relationship with others and learn how to trust and help each other. Therefore, form serving the weak outside the church, they can learn as above: first, loving others through god, second, realizing others that live in different situations, third, reinforcing their belief, forth, caring and serving similar social issues. Nevertheless, form the exclusiveness in the civicness, they show limited openness and tolerance, especially the more deviant the object’s attribute is, the more they resist it. The civil engagement is relation to personal attribute. If a participator whose personal background, including experiences, family background, social and economic position, make him care about the weak and humanity in society more, it will reinforce their concern to social issue to develop civil participating more positively after serving others voluntarily.