內國氣候難民的國際人權思考：以松鶴社區遷村為例

Abstract

氣候難民，一般指因氣候變遷造成的環境惡化與災難衝擊，而被迫遠離家園，流離失所的人民。松鶴社區在敏督利與艾利颱風來襲，一日最大降雨量突破歷年來紀錄，並引發嚴重的土石流災害，造成當地居民生命財產的嚴重損失，而政府於災後透過部分遷村避災。本文以《國內流離失所問題指導原則》、《保障天災受害者：IASC人權與天然災害工作指引》與《聯合國還返難民及流離失所者的住居與財產原則》為基礎，加上《世界人權宣言》、《公民與政治權利國際公約》、《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》、《1989年原住民和部落民族公約》、《原住民族權利宣言》歸納出內國氣候難民相關涉及的人權清單，分別為屬於實體權的生命權、滿足基本生活需求的權利、水權、自由遷徙與選擇住居的權利、適足的居住權、安全並有尊嚴地自願返回的權利、還反原住居與財產的權利、自決權、文化權與宗教信仰，加上屬於程序權的資訊取得權、強調充分地諮詢與參與權以及訴訟救濟權，檢視松鶴社區部分遷村與原地重建的狀況。最後，提出面對氣候難民選擇強制遷徙或是原地重建所需要思考的面向，提供政府與民間團體於未來面對內國氣候難民的議題，作為借鏡與評估的方向。

It defines a climate refugee as an individual who is forced to flee his or her home as the result of sudden or gradual environmental disruption that is consistent with climate change. Substantial amount of rainfalls associated with Typhoon Mindulle on 2 July and Typhoon Aere on 25 August in 2004, struck Songhe Community with serious landslide. This article establishes a bill of rights which based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, and United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons to examine the case of Songhe Community relocation. Finally, this article provides suggestions regarding climate refugees willingness and ability to organize rebuilding or relocation process to government and NGOs.