海濱社區參與濕地保育之研究： 以無尾港水鳥保護區為例

Abstract

現代保護區經營管理的新思維，是除了物種及棲地保育等生態面向外，還需納入政策、經濟與社會面向，做區域性的整體考量；其中，在地社區的參與、權力的分享與利益的共構，更是保育能否成功的重要因素。 本研究選定「無尾港水鳥保護區」為研究地點，進行海濱社區參與濕地保育之研究。無尾港水鳥保護區位於宜蘭縣蘇澳鎮，1993年由宜蘭縣政府公告，為全台第一個依「野生動物保護法」設立的水鳥保護區。無尾港水鳥保護區及其所孕育的濕地多樣生態，目前面臨的問題包括三個部分：生態環境劣化（水質污染、棲地陸化、底棲生物多樣性低、雁鴨數量減少）、經營管理不足（土地問題未決、經營管理計畫不夠周詳、共管機制不足）、社區互動不佳（保護區的存廢態度、民間非營利組織間的競合）。 研究方法採質性研究（Qualitative Research），利用舉辦「宜蘭濱海濕地工作坊（workshop）」，成立一個整合性的多向溝通工作平台，透過參與（participatory）的過程，喚醒在地民眾的自覺與意識，以行動去改變現況，實際解決問題。自2004年4月至2005年3月共舉辦四次工作坊，在每次工作坊後，有社區螃蟹的環境教育、保護區水域環境監測、義工培訓講座等後續工作展開。 此外，透過問卷（questionnaire）、深度訪談（in-depth interview）、參與觀察（participant observation）等結果交叉分析發現，社區居民有態度由負面轉向正面、態度趨向主動、參與行動的人數增加等方面的轉變，後續也有宜蘭大學的在地研究團隊加入，輔導社區進行培力（empowerment）的工作；受訪者普遍認為工作坊最應改進之處包括：缺乏公部門人員的參與、缺乏地方民眾的參加。 因此，在海濱社區能否成功轉型與永續發展的議題上，國家的農漁政策，除了積極進行社區培力外，公部門人員也應建置培力機制，制度面上也應提供權益相關者參與資源管理的機會。

The new trend of managing a conservatory area has evolved into not only considering the conservation of its natural species and habitats, but also incorporating the aspects of politics, economics, and cultures. Among them, the participation and power sharing from the local communities are among the most important factors that decide if the management of a refuge area can be successful. Wuwei Harbor Waterbird Refuge in Ilan County was the target area of this research. Established in 1993, it was Taiwan’s first waterbird protected area based on the” Wildlife Protection and Conservation ” law. However, due to the lack of proper management, the refuge is now facing three major crises: degradation of natural environment (water pollution, land reclamation, low benthic diversity, diminishing water fowl population), deficiency of management (private land ownerships, crude management plans, lack of consensus), and lack of interaction between local communities. Methodologically, I applied the procedures of Qualitative Research and established “Workshop of Ilan coastal wetlands“ as a platform to integrate resources from various areas of expertise and administrators. Through the participatory processes, local residents were able to actively involve the discussion of issues concerning the Refuge and pushed for changing the status quo and solving problems. Four workshops were held from April 2004 to March 2005. Following each workshop there were extra collaborative activities such as environmental education on crabs, water monitoring, and volunteer training. Furthermore, through questionnaire, in-depth interview, and participant observation, I found the local residents began to change attitude toward the Refuge and more people started to participate. The local college, Ilan University, also join the work of empowering local communities. On the other hand, lack of participation of government officials was the major limitation of the workshops. As for the direction of government policies, they should gear more toward community empowerment. Staff of public sectors should be empowered too. And finally the government should provide chances for stake holders to share the managements of a refuge.