DES案之責任證立－以矯正正義與因果關係為核心

Abstract

Diethylstilbestrol（簡稱DES）是一種藥物，孕婦服用以預防流產，但有些服用過此藥物的人，其生下來的女兒於成年後罹患卵巢癌，故對藥廠提起訴訟，本文即以此案件為討論核心。本案中藥品生產者的過失是被確定的，而DES這種藥物會引起服用者女兒成年後罹患卵巢癌這件事也是相對確定的，唯一不確定的就在於損害至隔代才發生，而且同時有大量廠商投入生產相同藥物，造成真正侵害者是誰無法、也無從確定。在這種情形下如何認定藥品生產者應負何種責任？被害人應受何種賠償？成了重要的問題。 本文先就侵權行為法既有的討論出發，對本案的特殊性加以闡釋，接著本文回歸討論侵權行為的原理，以及本案最密切關聯的因果關係要件，分別從抽象與具體出發，對本案加以分析。侵權行為的雙邊結構能用矯正正義適當的加以說明，而侵權行為中與矯正正義密切相關的要件正是因果關係，而此因果關係同時指事實上與法律上的因果關係。筆者認為矯正正義體現了侵權行為，同時因果關係要件也是應該被維持的，無論是既有侵權行為體系，或是在風險社會背景下所產生像本案的新興案型，因此筆者贊同本案使藥品生產者負起市場份額責任的看法，並且認為此乃因應風險社會下之高不確定性，矯正正義與因果關係只能以次佳的方案實現。

Diethylstilbestrol(DES) is one kind of drug which taken by the gravidas to prevent miscarriage. But this kind of drug caused ovarian cancer in the adult daughters of some of the women who took it, so the victims brought class actions against the producers. In those cases, the producers of the drug had negligence, and the causal attribution between the drug and ovarian cancer were almost recognized. However, how to identify who produced the drug was difficult because the damage did not happen until the next generation and too many companies produced the same drugs. The most important thing was to decide the responsibility of the producers of the drugs and how to compensate the plantiffs. The above questions are the topics of my thesis. This thesis first discusses on traditional torts, and to clarify the specialty of DES cases. Then, I return to discuss the doctrine of torts and the essential – causuation, and try to analyze DES cases from abstractive and specific view. The bi-lateral structure of torts can be explained by correct justice, and the element of torts related to correct justice is causation, which composed by factual causation and legal cause. I think correct justice can properly explain torts, and it should be kept in the existing torts system even in risk societies. I approve that the producers of DES should hold market share liabilities. In consideration of the high uncertainty in the risk society, correct justice and causation only can be accomplished in this second best way.