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Title: | 追求經濟國度:日本共同體形構的政治經濟分析 Seeking Economic Nationhood: The Political Economy of the Formation of the Japanese Community |
Authors: | James W.Y. Wang 王文岳 |
Advisor: | 蕭全政(Chyuan-Jenq Shiau) |
Keyword: | 日本,國民認同,民族主義,國家主義,國民主義, Japan,National Identity,Nationalism,Statism,Kokumin Shugi,civic nationalism, |
Publication Year : | 2007 |
Degree: | 博士 |
Abstract: | 本研究在於討論近代東方國民認同意識的興起、成熟與轉型,在理論上,本研究在於說明為什麼「後進地區」中人民的政治認同對象,由地域轉化為更高層次的共同體;在經驗上,本研究則解釋了日本國民國家興起、擴張與限縮三個階段內地與殖民地國民認同的變化。本研究論點認為,由歷史結構的角度而言,國民認同的形成是一歷史過程,因此,在特殊的時空脈絡下,東方國家被動地捲入世界體系的擴張過程中,改變原有政治疆域資源分配之均衡,而使得東方國家的政經體必須尋求一國民認同為基礎的統合,一方面透過政經結構的基礎,建立以國民經濟為導向的發展策略,一方面透過意識形態建構了國民認同,以維繫國家的政治正當性。而正由於此一國民認同之出現乃十九世紀以來的霸權秩序之下,東方國家為了回應外部的體系限制所發展出的認同戰略,因此,還原於歷史結構情境中,又可區分為「民族主義」、「國家主義」以至「國民主義」三個不同時期的歷史過程與形構。
本研究以日本於十九世紀以來的近代國家之路作為檢證對象,取其作為第一個成功發展的非西方之後進國民國家,與非西方帝國主義的兩種獨特性。日本國民認同乃發展於抵抗西方霸權秩序的過程之中,是以進行國家建立與國民締造之同時呈現了解放與壓迫的辯證性。際此,本研究檢證了明治時期以來,日本國民認同對象由民族、國家與國民的三時期發展過程:首先,在西方列強壓制的殖民地化壓力下,喪失統治正當性的幕藩封建體制為明治國家所取代,為了建立國政統一的近代國家,日本民族主義者透過統一諸藩國、推行資本主義與國體觀念,對抗西方列強的殖民化;其次,在一九二○年代中期以後的昭和經濟恐慌與世界金融危機帶來的殖民地經濟區塊封鎖下,造成日本在國際上的政經困境。國家主義者訴諸國家體制改造運動,以翼贊政治與經濟、思想的總動員來建立總力戰體系,透過東亞擴張戰事之遂行以改變既有國際秩序,建立了日本—殖民地—佔領地式的東亞協同體秩序來解決日本所面臨的國際僵局。這種國家主義的統合方式擴大了國家機關對於社會的滲入,也強化了「帝國臣民」的實質意義,然而,隨著太平洋戰爭的毀滅性戰敗,終止了國家主義擴張的限度;第三,第二次世界大戰以後,軍事上日本在美國佔領下納入西太平洋安全體系,經濟上日本企業走向國際化,使得國家對於國民認同的影響鬆動,以國民為主體的認同形成成為理解日本戰後國民認同的主要途徑,由冷戰結構下,非官方、建構性、民主的「國民主義」到一九八○年代以後的新國家主義,展現了歷史結構下進步與保守兩種國民認同的辯證。 This is a study of “late nationalism” that originated from the second half of the nineteenth century, with specific attention to the Japanese nationalism. Theoretically it asks why the people in late-developed area came to shift identity from Hans, literally feudal clans in Japanese, to the modern state. Empirically it explains the rise, expansion, and transformation of national identity of the metropolitan Japanese and colonial natives. This study follows the historical structure approach to construe identity formation as a historical process. The East countries had to integrate and mobolize the people in order to react to the expansion of the West imperialism. Consequently nationalistic sentiment emerged as the main thinking to motivate the people in the East to stand behind the same national flag. Economically and politically, nationalism not only turned out to be the piloting strategy to build Japanese capitalism and to construct national identity, and became the ideology for the state to rule with political legitimacy. This was the identity strategy of the East countries for survival conforming the nineteenth-century hegemonic order of the Westphalia system. Considering that the poli-economical formation of national identity may transform according to different temporal-spactial scenarios, three typologies, ethno-nationalism, statism and Kukomin Shugi, namely civic-nationalism, are indicated to explore historical process of identity formation. Japan, as the first non-western nation-state and imperialism, is a perfect, and unique as well, case to explore the approach of an East country to counter the pressure of double marginality, non-West and colonization. If nation-building and state-building in Japan are teleogical to reesist against the West hegemonic order, this origin that spawns Japanese national identity can be parodoxically liberative and oppressive. By reviewing the poli-economic formation of nation identity in three historical period, ethno-nationalism, statism, and civic-nationalism became main paradigm of nation identity in respective temporal frame: firstly, under the pressure of western imperialism, the legitimacy of Baku-Han Teisei (幕藩体制), liberally Baku-Han regime, was undermined and replaced by the modern Meiji state in order to unite the feud clans to build a strong country. Capitalist development and Koku-tai (国体) were imperative to resist against colonization of West imperialism; secondly, Japanese imperialism was substantialized after she defeated Ch’ing China and Russia and acquired new territories. But this would not alter the nature of “petty capitalism” that is vulnerable to external shocks. Since the mid-1920s, Showa panic and world-scale financial crisis seriously sabotaged Japan’s economy. Japanese fascists took the reign and were committed to transform the parliamentary governmnt as “total war” regime. The total war regime was built to mobalize political, economic, and thought forces to conduct expansive warfares in East Asia in order to change existent regional order that was dominated by West imperial states. Subsequently the statism turned into ultranationalism that ambitiously created Great East Asia Co-prosperity Circle and a new metropolitan Japan-colony-new occupied territory order to solve Japan’s dilemma of modernization. The state highly penetrated society during this period. Nevertheless, the defeat of the Pacific War set the demise of ultranationalism and terminated the Japan-center regional order; thirdly, democratization and non-militarization after WWII made Japan a U.S. ally in the west Pacific. Incrementally the revitalization of Keiretsu and civil society shrank the clout of the state to shape national identity. The rise of civic-nationalism became the focal point to understand post-war nationalistic movements. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/27632 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 政治學系 |
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