動畫文藝復興：迪士尼動畫之戲劇美學溯源

Abstract

藝術形式隨著時代不斷流變，遞嬗之際，前人的智慧精華以不同的形式保存於現代的各種藝術之中。馬戲、音樂劇、默片與默劇分別在表演藝術史上佔有一席之地，也都曾是盛極一時的娛樂形式，經由各自的演進脈絡或直接、或間接地影響了新興的動畫電影，為動畫創作提供了豐富的養料。華德．迪士尼與團隊中的動畫師們積極汲取身邊所有可利用的資源充實迪士尼的作品、加強動畫的表演性並提升其藝術價值，成功開創了海闊天空的動畫王國。本文從戲劇與表演的角度探究上述表演藝術與迪士尼動畫之間的傳承關係以及這些藝術形式如何活用、實踐於動畫之中，諸如：馬戲的動物秀、特技雜耍、怪人秀；音樂劇的綜藝秀、富麗秀、角色心曲與場面調度；默片的丑角表演、感性入情；默劇的肢體分割與喜劇橋段等等。經過史料的整理以及表演的比較、分析，發現上述藝術形式與迪士尼動畫之間存在密切的美學傳承，並進一步證實這些表演藝術的珍貴資產的確能夠順利融入動畫媒體中，且對於動畫的表演美學與藝術價值大有貢獻。

Although types and forms of art would change with time, its essence and crafts would be kept and pass on to another art forms. Circuses, musicals, silent films and mimes were once some rather prevailing types of entertainment, and they respectively play important roles in the history of dramatic and performing art. Either directly or indirectly, they affect the emerging animation and provide it with valuable, abounding resources. Walt Disney and all the animators in his group actively extract and make use of the available resources to substantiate their animation and to enhance the theatricality and artistic value of the movies. Due to their efforts, they have successfully established the animated “Disneyland.” From the perspective of dramatic and performing art history, this study delves into the relationship between the previous types of performing art and the Disney animation. The focus is on how Disney animated movies employ and appropriate those types of performing art. Through the archive studies and analysis, it is found that such conventions and aesthetics as animal show, freak show, and acrobatics and juggling in circuses, vaudeville, follies, and character statement and choreography in musicals, clowning, and pathos in silent films, body isolation and lazzi in mimes have passed on to the Disney animated movies. Finally, this study shows that those types and conventions of previous performing art have been well integrated into the animation and contributed greatly to the aesthetics of animation art.