大專男性追求肌肉發達的身體意象與自尊、生活品質之探索研究

Abstract

近代，西方學者觀察到各式媒體傳遞出男性在意身體外貌的新趨勢，相對於鼓勵女性追求纖瘦體態，而是強調男性應擁有肌肉發達的體態。現階段，已有西方的研究指出男性過度追求肌肉發達的體態與其身心功能呈現負向的關聯。可見，在社會變遷下，身體意象也漸在男性心理適應上扮演重要角色。但，國內關於男性身體意象的相關研究仍屬闕如、可茲使用的測量工具亦顯不足，且社會文化是否傳遞出男性在意體態的背景資料也較有限。因此，本研究藉探尋男性雜誌中男體裸露的變化趨勢，作為男性可能受到社會影響漸漸在意體態的背景資料；然後發展適切之中文版工具與研究程序，探索男性在意身體外貌的趨勢，會如何反應在追求肌肉發達體態，與自尊、生活品質等心理社會功能的關聯上，最後檢驗自尊與男性追求肌肉發達的身體意象對於其生活品質的預測力和路徑模式。研究一以具一定閱讀率之男性雜誌，抽樣統計流行風尚單元在八年間男體裸露程度的變化；研究二以190名大學男性為樣本，除，檢視本研究所編製中文版追求肌肉發達量表與中文版多向度身體自我關係問卷五個分量尺之心理特性之外，也檢驗男性追求肌肉發達的身體意象與自尊、生活品質的關聯性，並以路徑分析探索其互動模式。結果顯示：（一）近十年內，隨著時間演進，雜誌中男性身體變得更加裸露。（二）中文版追求肌肉發達量表與中文版多向度身體自我關係問卷五各分量尺皆具良好之心理計量特性。（三）外貌、體適能與身體滿意等身體意象皆與男性自尊與生活品質呈顯著正向關聯。（四）男性追求肌肉發達之情感評價與自尊呈顯著負向關聯，而行為取向則與生活品質呈顯著正向關聯。（五）路徑分析顯示，自尊可直接影響身體意象對生活品質的影響度，也可透過追求肌肉發達的身體意象部份中介而影響之。最後以所建構之模式探討增進男性身體意象與可能之臨床應用，同時也報告未來納入男性氣概與媒體影響的可行研究方向。

Recently, western researchers observed a growing trend of putting more emphases on the appearance of male body in a variety of media. Specifically, men believe that they should have muscular bodies rather than focus on drive for thinness as women do. Studies also indicate that there is a negative association between over concern for muscularity and psychological functions in western men. As the societies change, body image becomes more and more important for male’s psychological well-beings. However, rare studies related to male body image have been done in Taiwan, and the measurement tools are limited either. Hence, the aims of this study were to first explore the trend of male body nudity in a popular magazine in Taiwan as the background information for this study; secondly, to develop tools to measure male body image; and finally, to investigate the relationship between men’s drive for muscularity and self-esteem, as well as their predictions for quality of life. The present thesis consists of two studies. In Study 1, a rating system of six-degree body nudity was developed and then applied to evaluate the male figures appeared in the fashion section of a leading men’s magazine from 1998 to 2005. In Study 2, psychometric properties of five subscales of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire (CMBSRQ) and the Chinese version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (CDMS) were examined by using samples of 190 male undergraduate students. Furthermore, it not only investigated the relationships among drive for muscularity, self-esteem, and quality of life, but also examined the integrative correlational model by path analysis. Results revealed that: (1) a significant correlation between the year of publication and the degree of nudity was found. (2) Both the CMBSRQ and CDMS yielded adequate and satisfactory psychometric properties, supporting themselves as useful measures of body image. (3) All the five subscales of CMBSRQ significantly and positively correlated with self-esteem and quality of life. (4) Evaluative component of drive for muscularity related to poor self-esteem, and behavioral component related to positive quality of life. (5) Path analysis showed that self-esteem affected quality of life directly and the process was partially mediated by the two components of drive for muscularity. Based on the findings, further discussion was about how to apply it to improve male body image or use it in clinical setting. Various factors such as masculinity and media were also suggested for future research.