企業利潤與生產力-以台灣銀行業為例

Abstract

銀行業是經濟活動中一個極重要的角色，因銀行具有金融中介之功能，使銀行業與其他企業之發展可以說是息息相關，因此關於銀行業之探討與分析，應是需要特別注重之議題。且利潤是企業最重視的事情，能夠獲得利潤是企業能持續經營的基礎，故本研究將對銀行業之利潤進行研究分析。 本研究利用民國83年至91年共37家銀行之財務報表資料，配合利潤變動拆解模型來拆解銀行兩期間的利潤變動，使用利潤變動拆解模型可以將銀行兩期間之利潤變動拆解成六個來源，分別是價格效果、技術效率效果、技術變動效果、規模效果、投入組合效果與產出組合效果；並以這六項利潤變動來源進行分析比較全體銀行在研究期間內各利潤變動來源的表現情形。再者，本研究將探討在面對亞洲金融風暴與台灣經濟衰退之外部不利事件衝擊之下，對全體銀行之利潤變動來源的影響。更進一步，本研究將把全體銀行依其屬性分組，並比較各組銀行在研究期間內利潤變動來源的差異情形與外部不利事件衝擊之下對各組銀行利潤變動來源的差異情形。 實證結果發現在研究期間內，公股銀行在產出組合效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果表現最差；中小企業銀行在技術改變效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果表現最差；舊民營銀行在技術改變效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果表現最差；新銀行則是在規模效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果表現最差。 在亞洲金融風暴影響之下，公股銀行在技術改變效果表現最好，而在產出組合效果表現最差，即此效果受事件影響最大；中小企業銀行在產出組合效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果受影響最大；舊民營銀行在技術改變效果表現最好，而在價格效果受影響最大；新銀行在投入組合效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果受影響最大。而在台灣經濟衰退期間，公股銀行在產出組合效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果受影響最大；中小企業銀行在價格效果表現最好，而在投入組合效果受影響最大；舊民營銀行在價格效果表現最好，而在技術效率效果受影響最大；新銀行在技術效率效果表現最好，而在產出組合效果受影響最大。 以利潤變動排名前十名的銀行與排名後十名的銀行來進行比較，在面對亞洲金融風暴時，後十名銀行在價格效果與技術效率效果的表現比前十名銀行差。而在台灣經濟衰退時期，後十名銀行則是在價格效果、技術效率效果與投入組合效果表現比前十名銀行差。

Bank industry is an extreme important role in economic activities. Because of the function of financial intermediation, bank industry is closely related to the development of other enterprises. Hence, the analysis of bank industry should pay attention especially. Profit is one of the most important things to enterprises and the fundamental for sustained management, and therefore, this study investigates the profit of bank industry. The study employs balance sheets of 37 banks from 1994 to 2002, decomposing the profit change between 2 periods by means of Profit Change Decomposing Model into 6 sources as price effect, technical change effect, operating efficiency effect, product mix effect, resource mix effect, and scale effect, and then analyzing the profit changes of all banks in the period by the 6 changes. Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of profit changes of all banks under such external negative impacts as Asian financial crisis and recession of economy in Taiwan. Moreover, this study categorizes by properties, comparing the differences between profit changes both in the period and under the external negative impacts. Empirical results during the study period show that Public Banks perform the best on product mix effect and perform the worst on operating efficiency effect. Then Business Banks perform the best on technical change effect and perform the worst on operating efficiency effect. In addition, Old Private Banks perform the best on technical change effect and perform the worst on operating efficiency effect. Finally, New Banks perform the best on scale effect and perform the worst on operating efficiency effect. And empirical results under the impact of Asian financial crisis show that Public Banks perform the best on technical change effect and the worst on product mix effect, which means that Asian financial crisis have the greatest influence on product mix effect. Then, Business Banks perform the best on product mix effect and receive the greatest influence on operating efficiency effect. In addition, Old Private Banks perform the best on technical change effect and receive the greatest influence on price effect. Finally, New Banks perform the best on resource mix effect and receive the greatest influence on operating efficiency effect. On the other hand, empirical results under the impact of recession of economy in Taiwan show that Public Banks perform the best on product mix effect and receive the greatest influence on operating efficiency effect. Then, Business Banks perform the best on price effect and receive the greatest influence on resource mix effect. In addition, Old Private Banks perform the best on price effect and receive the greatest influence on operating efficiency effect. Finally, New Banks perform the best on operating efficiency effect and receive the greatest influence on product mix effect. Comparing with the top 10 and the last 10 banks in ranking of profit changes, the last 10 banks have a worse performances on price effect and operating efficiency effect than the top 10 during the Asian financial crisis, while the last 10 banks have a worse performances on price effect, operating efficiency effect, and resource mix effect than the top 10 during the recession of economy in Taiwan.