日本邁向「正常國家」之研究(2001年-2007年)

Abstract

第二次世界大戰結束後，由於日本領導人的自制，主張「輕武裝、重經濟，走和平發展道路」之以商立國的政策，來作為日本戰後復甦的基石，加上當時國際瀰漫和平主義，以及國內和平憲法制約下，日本藉由與美國締結同盟來維護國家安全，在國防上採取專守防衛政策，建立「通商國家」模式和「經濟立國」的形象。八O年代以來，日本已然蛻變成一個經濟大國，但是在憲法第九條的存在，使日本在軍事上有所束縛，加上因長期以經濟為主的外交政策，使日本成為一個「經濟巨人、政治侏儒」的不正常現象，故開始出現了向「正常國家」擺動的論述。冷戰結束後，促成正常化的國內外動力開始積累，國內動力包含：「國內輿論的支持」和「新保守主義崛起」，國外動力包含：「北韓飛彈與核武威脅」和「美日安保的質變」，在小泉純一郎首相上台後，更展現出要將日本帶往正常國家的強烈意圖，決意修改和平憲法以為自衛隊「正名」。 2001年九一一恐怖攻擊事件爆發，日本力挺美國，不僅加速提升兩國關係的親密度，還讓日本國內在正常化道路上有所進展，除了修憲的前置作業外，還做了實質的政策調整，包括「增進官邸的決策功能」和「提升緊急事態決策機制」，逐步累積成為正常國家的能力。為了成為正常國家，尤其是一個國際大國，除了國內政策配合外，日本在區域和國際層面上，也有一套相關的外交策略。在區域層面上包含強化美日同盟的深度與廣度、處理北韓威脅問題、與崛起中國的競合以及推動東亞共同體，在相關區域問題中獲取日本的利益；在國際層面上，參與反恐行動、爭取成為聯合國常任理事國以及透過政府開發援助的運用來逐步擢升為國際大國。然而，日本正常化政策從小泉首相到安倍首相在任期間有其成效與頓挫，也進而影響日本未來的國家政策取向，亦即邁向「正常國家」步伐是否加速或是就此停滯。

After the end of the Second World War, Japanese leaders adopted self-restraint policy which asserted “Economy first, undermining military force, and peaceful road of development” to be the base of post-war recovery. Accompanied with international tendency of pacifism and domestic constraint from Japanese Constitution, Japan defended its national security through the U.S-Japan Security Alliance. On the other hand, Japan adopted “Purely Defensive Defense” policy on national defense in order to erect the model of “a business country” and the image of “an economic power”. During 1980’s, Japan has become an economic great power. However, the existence of Constitution’s Article 9 and the extended emphasis on economic foreign policy made Japan turn to an economic giant but a political dwarf, which triggered discourses of seeking to become a “normal” state. After the end of Cold War, the accumulations of internal and external motives have made normalization move forward; the former includes “supports from domestic public opinions” and “the rise of neo-conservatism”, and the latter includes “North Korea Missile and Nuclear Crisis” and “the qualitative change of U.S-Japan Security Alliance. After Koizumi Junichiro was inaugurated as Prime Minister, the government showed strong intention to bring Japan to a normal state through passing legislation that will redefine Article 9 of the Constitution and rectify the name of Self-Defense Forces (SDF). The terror attacks which happened in U.S. on 2001/9/11 not only reinforced the relationship between U.S. and Japan, but also made progress in the normalization issue. Aside from the preparation of constitutional revision, the practical policy adjustments including “enhancing the cabinet’s decision-making capability” and “promoting the emergency decision-making process” have encouraged Japan to change its security role. To be a normal state, even a international leading power, Japan has its corresponding domestic policy and foreign strategies: On the regional and international levels, Japan consolidates the depth and breadth of U.S-Japan alliance, deals with North Korea threat and the competition with rising China, and devotes to East Asia Community to obtain national interests; on international level, Japan joins anti-terrorism peace-keeping operations, strives for a UN permanent member, and implements official development aid (ODA) policy to become a international great power. However, the policies of normalization from Koizumi Cabinet to Abe Cabinet have their effects and drawbacks which may influence Japan’s future national policies—whether the steps of transforming to a normal nation will accelerate, or stagnate.