「自閉症」論述形成之探究─臺大自閉星雨社團服務經驗分析

Abstract

本論文採用民俗誌研究的方法，檢視台大星雨社團的服務實踐過程中，「自閉症」論述是如何形構的。Foucault的權力概念與系譜學方法為本論文的理論依據，藉以探討星雨是否作為有生權力（bio-power）的實踐場域？是否有「自閉症」論述介入影響自閉兒矯正、監督等權力支配技術？如果有的話，又是如何操作？本論文發現，星雨的服務活動一方面依循生物醫學的自閉症定義，一方面呈現Foucault的有生權力，特別是「正確訓練」的三大規訓技術：層級的觀察、常態化的判別、以及審視。在「論述」和「權力」兩者的相互影響下，「自閉症」成為「非常態」的「他者」，並接受星雨一連串「回歸常態」的訓練服務以「適應社會」。然而「適應社會」不過是「排異納同」的運作結果，在論文的最後，筆者對此「相較典範」機制進行反思，進而提出「尊重差異」的「社會接納」呼籲。

Based on NTU Starrain university volunteer practices, this thesis explores the discursive formation of autism subject. Inspired by Foucault’s concepts of bio-power and genealogy, this thesis examines the following questions: Whether Starrain is a site for the practice of bio-power? Is there any specific autism discourses involved in the Starrain practices in terms of surveillance, intervention, and control over autistic children? If so, in what way does Starrain partake in the technologies of domination in relation to any specific autism discourse? This thesis argues that Starrain’s service follows the Taiwan’s contemporary medical discourse of autism, and works as a site for the practices of disciplinary power in three ways: hierarchy observation, normalizing correction, and examination. The medical discourse of autism constitutes an autism subject through its medical ‘naming’ functions, to name a child as autism and ‘abnormal’ in the society. Further, Starrain service is operated to help autistic children back/adapt to the normal. The hegemonic medical discourse of autism accordingly maintains and sustains within the society. This thesis concludes with a calling for “differences.” The creation of different discourses other than the hegemonic medical one allows autistic children to live differently and with respect.