多重時空框架經驗整合對成人親子關係之效果

Abstract

過去親子衝突研究中多探討青少年子女與其父母間的互動情形，然而在目前高齡化社會下，成年子女與老年父母的溝通與衝突問題內容及解決方式明顯與青少年時期不同，因此不宜直接套用青少年親子衝突研究架構及模式來探討。本研究以「多重時空框架經驗整合」概念（指成年子女對於親子關係的回顧與統合歷程，它包含了對過往關係經驗的回顧、對當下關係的開放與接納，以及對未來關係的想像）來討論它與成年子女親子互動間的關係，並以兩個實徵研究來驗證提出的假設。研究一以問卷調查探討多重時空框架經驗整合程度高低與對父母感激之情、忍讓行為及親子間關係融通三者間的關聯。參與者為35歲以上，父母至少一位健在，父親版問卷共蒐集270位，母親版共284位樣本填答，結果顯示：「多重時空框架經驗整合」量表本身具有良好的內部一致性信度，且能正向地預測成年親子的關係融通、感激之情與忍讓行為，表示：成年子女對過往親子關係經驗的整合程度與對父母的感激及親子間情感融洽程度關係密切，並願意在衝突情境中展現較多的忍讓行為。研究二則為一項介入方案的設計，即藉由多重時空觀點之書寫練習讓個體達成在多重時空框架經驗整合程度的提升。參與者同樣是35歲以上，父母至少一位健在，共有47位報名，其中有26位全程完成此介入方案，結果顯示：透過此書寫練習方案可增進成年子女對整體親子互動的回顧與統整，提升其多重時空框架經驗整合程度，且多重時空框架經驗整合在方案前後的變化程度，能正向顯著預測參與者從方案前至方案後3星期之親子關係融通程度變化、對父母感激之情的變化以及衝突下對父母忍讓行為的變化，其影響途徑與研究一結果相當一致。證明多重時空框架經驗整合是具有理論意義與實作價值之概念，在台灣步入高齡社會之際，會具有不錯的應用價值。

Prior studies of parent-child conflicts majorly focused on parent-adolescent interactions. However, in aging society today, communication and conflict issues and solutions are obviously different between adult child and teenager’ relationship with their parents. Therefore, we consider the uniqueness of adult children and the perspective of positive psychology for discussing the issues of parent-adult child conflict. This research uses the construct of “Integration of Cross-time Experience (ICE)”—the course that adult children to review and reframe early parent-children interactive experiences, including recalling memories of the relationship, openness and acceptance of the current relationship, and the imagination of the future relationship—and its effect on the relationship between adult children and aging parents. In this research, there were two studies to test the proposed hypotheses. Study 1 used questionnaires to explore the relationship between ICE and appreciation to parents, forbearance behaviors with parents and deepening in relationship with parents. Study 1 recruited 424 participants who were above 35 years old. 140 of them completed the father version questionnaire and 154 of them completed the mother version questionnaire.130 of them completed both version questionnaires. The results showed the scale of “Integration of Cross-time Experience” had good reliability and validity. It positively predicted appreciation, forbearance and relational deepening between adult children and aging parents, showing that the integration of the early-life memory in the parent-child interaction closely related to their relationship, making adult-children be willing to forbear their parents in possible future parent-child conflicts. Study 2 was an intervention program of ICE, incorporated with the expressive writing paradigm. 47 adult children rolled in and 26 of them completed the program. The result showed that the writing intervention of ICE promoted participants to review and reframe memories with their parents. The change score of ICE between pretest and posttest positively predicted the change score of appreciation, forbearance and relational deepening. The effect of ICE on appreciation, forbearance and relational deepening was consistent within two studies, indicating that the construct of ICE had both the theoretical and the practical value. As Taiwan transforming into an aged society, ICE is worthy further develop and apply in larger scale.