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標題: | 流動的人,流動的魂:從超度亡靈法會看民間信仰的當代實踐 Flowing People, Flowing Ghost: ‘Fahui’ as Contemporary Practice of Chinese Popular Religion. |
作者: | Po-Wen Shih 施博雯 |
指導教授: | 林開世 |
關鍵字: | 超度法會,靈乩,神壇,民間信仰, chao-du fahui,lingji,private temple shrine,popular religion, |
出版年 : | 2019 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本論文以超度亡靈法會作為觀察對象。此種法會儀式不同於傳統民間信仰有著強烈的地域性性質,參與超度亡靈法會以私人性的神壇為主,舉辦地點與神壇所在地無關而是遍佈於全台各地。因此,本研究所要提問的是,在不具有地域連結的前提下,信仰的參與者為何需要舉辦超度法會,關注特定地區的秩序問題?參與者又是如何正當化儀式能力與資格,而能夠宣稱儀式本身的有效性?最後則是法會儀式在近年來開始納入原住民範疇,強調要超度原住民族的亡靈,其原因與目的為何?
對此,我從兩個方面著手,首先針對信仰概念的分析可知,參與者信奉的母娘信仰,不同於地域神明追求香火的持續與擴大,而是強調道德位置的高低與廣泛滿足信眾需求來突顯神明自身擁有的能力,以此來說明度靈法會要納入原先不在信仰框架裡的其他人群類別。換言之,藉由滿足各種族群、國族類別的需求來突顯信仰裡的救世度眾的性質。此外,信仰的參與者是具有通靈能力「靈乩」。透過長期修煉獲得功德的累積,除了可以化解過往的累世業障也能夠進一步的提升靈乩能力與超脫輪迴的束縛,因此,信仰的修煉提供個人得以積極想像未來的可能。 然而,不論是救世度眾的追求或者是個人功德的累積,都需要在法會過程裡的實踐才得以完成,因此,除了從信仰概念著手外,也針對儀式現場的進行分析。不論是從儀式結構具有的完整與封閉,讓參與者可以超越當下儀式空間範圍而想像更大規模與尺度的超度可能,又或者是在儀式過程裡透過服裝、舞蹈、音樂以及身體等物質面向的作用,讓參與者獲得強烈的感官效果與主體經驗。因此,法會儀式的實踐使得參與者的靈乩身份獲得了主體位置,並相信著自我是具有救世度眾的特殊能力。 This study focuses on the ritual ‘‘Chao-du Fahui’’(超度法會) which purpose is to restore cosmic order and purify the local community by delivering the deceased. Different from traditional popular religion rituals, for example, the jiao(醮), which has a similar ritual purpose and base on the local community and local temple. Chao-du fahui is held by private temple shrine and conduct in various places. Moreover, this ritual claims to deliver the ‘indigenous ghost’ which is unfamiliar in the Han popular religion. Therefore, in this thesis, I tried to clarify how these local rituals can be worked in the de-territorial situation and why the chao-du fahui starts to include the indigenous culture in recent years. In this regard, I analyze the cult of Muniang(母娘) and the ritual practitioners. The doctrine of this cult emphasizes the idea of salvation rather than acquiring the transcendental power by pilgrimage as the local temples usually do. In other words, helping the death of different ethnic group to reincarnation is in accord with the requirements of the doctrine. On the other hand, these ritual practitioners are spirit medium called ‘‘lingji’’(靈乩). By participating in chao-du fahui , lingji can eliminate karma and improve the ability of mediumship. Meanwhile, through the reaction in lingji’s body causing by the clothing, music, and dancing, I argue that the intensive sensory effect and subjectivity of lingji which the practitioners can gain in the ritual scene is the reason why lingji believe themselves having the ability to accomplish salvation and the chao-du fahui can have the efficacy to reconstruct the cosmic order. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/21240 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201902788 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 人類學系 |
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