社區互助式養老模式與社會創新之探索研究

Abstract

台灣的人口高齡化問題逐漸嚴重，如何有效地解決銀髮族的養老問題是每一個家庭所要面對的關鍵性問題，而社區互助式養老（以下簡稱參與社區互助式養老），便是在此種背景下所産生的一種新型互助式養老模式。此種養老模式使銀髮族在熟悉的環境之中，藉由彼此互助，營造社區和諧氛圍，結合社工的專業化能力，關注銀髮族的身心健康，整合養老的資源，從而滿足銀髮族多樣化的養老需求。 有鑒於此，本研究針對社區互助式養老模式，收集先進國家發展個案之經驗，深入討論其系統設計與運行的異同，包括：「時間銀行」、德國「銀髮族之家」互助式養老服務組織與「青銀共居」模式、美國的「社會參與型互助式養老」與互助式養老「村莊」、 日本的「鄰里互助式網絡」與「巢鴨銀髮商圈」等。 據此，本研究進一步收集國內外相關個案，探討運用社會企業模式經營參與社區互助式養老方案的可行性，包括台北市南機場忠勤里之參與社區互助式養老模式、香港的長者安居服務協會、大陸福州的金太陽銀髮族綜合服務中心、荷蘭Buurtzorg鄰里照護。在此研究基礎上，本研究認為社會企業的創新商業模式與營運模式，可以將華人社會之社區互助式養老加值服務加以活化。本研究結果期望能激勵更多社會企業針對居家養老需求，提出創新商業模式，讓高齡化社會問題成為社會創新的絕佳機會。

The aging problem in Taiwan is getting serious as time goes by. How to solve the problem of senior care effectively and let the elders enjoy their remaining life is the key issue that every family has to face. “The Mutual Support for Senior Care in Community” (MSSCC, hereafter) is a new type of senior care model in this context. This mutual support model will make seniors live in their own familiar and environment and create a harmonious atmosphere within the regional neighborhoods and community. In addition, the help of the professional social workers in this environment will meet specific personal needs, caring seniors’ physical and mental health, and using pension resources effectively. That will meet the diverse needs of the seniors. Such kind of social innovation for senior care will achieve the ultimate goal of “aging in place and aging with care”, an ideal aging philosophy from ancient Chinese culture. This study focused on the MSSCC, collecting cases with successful experiences in advanced countries, exploring the differences between the system design and operations of the cases, including “time bank,” the association of Senior Home and the Habitation of Youth and Senior model in Germany, social participation in senior care and senior villages in the USA, neighborhood mutual support network, visiting family model, and senior mutual support in Japan, among others. This research further explored the feasibility of social enterprises participating in the MSSCC by collecting and analyzing the related cases, including mutual support aging at home in South Airport area in Taipei, Senior Citizen Home Safety Association in Hong Kong, Golden Sun Elder Care in Fuzhou, China, and Buurtzorg in Netherlands. We found that the innovation and operation of social enterprises could activate the business of the additional user paid services in the MSSCC in Chinese communities. Our research calls for more social enterprises to make further efforts on the effective and innovative business models for aging at home in community so that this social problems can become excellent opportunities for social innovation.