「文人論政」的「理想」與「困境」——以新記〈大公報〉「社評」（1926-1949）為探討對象

Abstract

此篇論文旨在於探討 「文人論政」的「理想」如何在新記《大公報》的實踐過程中面臨「困境」。過去對該議題的探討甚多，但往往都建立在了「文人論政」這一概念的隱藏預設當中，即認為「文人論政」的辦報模式必然是獨立的。在該隱藏的預設下，新記《大公報》的討論就被限制在了是否為獨立報刊的論述框架之中，而忽略了「文人論政」的「理想」於實踐過程中所帶來的實際影響。 倘若以「文人論政」的「理想」為出發點，可以了解到「文人論政」與中國傳統的清議思想有著不可切分的密切關係。因為近代中國知識分子為了能夠合理化接受西方報刊思想，曾將中國的清議用於比擬西方報刊的言論自由。以至於近代中國報刊的發展確實受惠於西方報刊的技術與形式，但在核心思想上卻承接於傳統的清議思想。這直接導致了「文人論政」的報刊思想在形成之初，有著濃厚的儒家議政形態，而並非以西方報刊的言論自由為中心。儒家議政形態的出現，也就昭示著「文人論政」的報刊思想在成立與執行上都會以儒家傳統看待政治勢力的角度為主。即，與政治勢力之間成立一個互補的關係。可是，若要真正實踐西方報刊的言論自由，其所需要的是西方報刊所強調的與政治勢力之間的對立關係。 故本文擬以此為探討的新角度，先著重於了解傳統清議與「文人論政」的承接過程，並從中勾勒出儒家傳統在新記《大公報》議政形態上所扮演的角色。進而，嘗試通過這一層解析方式為新記《大公報》所做過的爭議性決定作出新的詮釋，以真正了解「文人論政」的「理想」如何與實踐時所面臨的「困境」之間的互動。

The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the “predicament” encountered during the practice of “ideal” of “literati cum political commentators” in Xinji Dagongbao. There had been many discussions related to this topic in the past studies, but they are often built upon an assumption that the “literati cum political commentators” are acting as an independent news agency. Under this assumption, the discussions related to Xinji Dagongbao are rather limited as they are usually restricted to the sole framework of discussing the independency of the newspaper. In this context, the practical effects of putting the “ideal” of “literati cum political commentators” into practice are not given enough attention. In this thesis, by taking the “ideal” of “literati cum political commentators” as a starting point, it showed that the “literati cum political commentators” indeed share an inseparable tie with the traditional Chinese ideology of qingyi. This is mainly due to historical reasons. When modern Chinese intellectuals tried to rationalize and accept the ideology of Western newspapers, they had employed qingyi as a matching ideology to freedom of speech. As a result, the development of modern Chinese newspapers has indeed benefited from the technology and modality of Western newspapers. However, the core idea of modern Chinese newspapers remained unchanged as an inheritance from the traditional Chinese ideology of qingyi. This resulted in a strong influence of Confucian style political discussion into the formation of “literati cum political commentators”, instead of emphasizing on Westerner’s freedom of speech. The emergence of Confucian style political discussion has shown that the implementation of “literati cum political commentators” will be mainly based on the traditional Confucian perspective and it helps to develop a complementary relationship with political powers. However, in order to practice the true concept of freedom of speech in a newspaper agency, it is imperative that an antagonistic relationship must be formed with political powers. Therefore, in this thesis, the discussions will focus on using the aforementioned new perspective in evaluating Xinji Dagongbao. The inheritance process of traditional qingyi and “literati cum political commentators” are discussed in detail in the following chapters to draw an outline that show its influences on the political discussions published by Xinji Dagongbao. This allows new interpretation to be made to explain the controversial decisions taken by Xinji Dagongbao, as a better understanding can be achieved through studying the “predicament” of practicing the “ideal” of “literati cum political commentators”.