原住民社經狀況之經濟分析三篇論文集

Abstract

第一篇文章: 2008-2009年金融危機對台灣原住民家庭收入及消費之實證研究 評估在2008-2009年國際金融危機衝擊下，經濟衰退現象對低社會經濟地位族群的家庭收入及消費狀態之影響。該文使用中研院主持的全國原住民2006年和2010年的原始調查資料，應用計量經濟學的統計配對(Matching)和差異中的差異(Difference-in-Difference)方法，排除可能影響家庭收入和消費的其他因素後，進而來釐清金融危機衝擊對臺灣原住民家庭收入及消費的影響。實證分析結果發現，金融危機後居住在都市的原住民收入顯著下降；家庭消費部分，發現金融危機衝擊後，原住民減少電力和服裝方面的消費，但相對會花更多錢在食物、交通和醫療的使用。對於經濟收入減少，而醫療負擔增加的情況，或許需要政府提供補助以減少原住民的醫療負擔，保障其基本生活。 第二篇文章: 就業輔導及遷徙行為對臺灣原住民生活福利之影響評估 一般來說原住民可藉由兩種方式來改善其生活福利，亦即自行由鄉村地區遷徙到都會區，或是藉由參加政府所舉辦的就業輔導服務。本研究嘗試釐清此兩種不同行為模式對原住民生活福利的影響，其中生活福利衡量包含了客觀和主觀的指標，客觀指標共包含有個人收入、家庭收入、時薪三種；主觀的福利指標則以快樂感為主。本文實證分析資料取自於2008年「臺灣原住民社會變遷與政策評估調查研究」之1,652位原住民面訪調查，並估計多項選擇下之樣本選擇模型(Multinomial Sample Selection Model)，探討影響原住民選擇遷徙行為及接受政府就業輔導之影響因素，並進一步量化並比較原住民採取不同選擇行為對其生活福利指標之影響效果。實證分析發現，對於沒接受政府就業輔導的原住民來說，遷徙到都市的原住民平均收入較居住在鄉村的原住民高；然而對有接受政府就業輔導的原住民來說，兩者的生活福利狀況並沒有顯著差異。此一分析結果或許顯示出政府就業輔導可以有效減少城鄉間差距。 第三篇文章: 評估臺灣原住民身心障礙與地區照護資源對家庭成員工作之影響 原住民健康及經濟狀況與一般國民有所落差，原住民面對其低社經地位的同時，若家中成員有身心障礙或需要長期照護時，其會導致雙重弱勢的情況，此時家人可能必須面對照顧身心障礙者以及負擔沈重家庭生計的雙重壓力。本文依據取自2010年「人口及住宅普查」的15,432位原住民原始資料，並搭配2011年「工商及服務業普查」以及2010年地區「長期照護資源」資料庫，探討原住民家庭中若有身心障礙者時，對該家庭其他成員勞動供給之影響。甚而，本文進一步探討地區性長期照護資源多寡是否對其家庭成員勞動供給產生不同影響效果。為增加統計估計效率，本文利用機率加權方法(Inverse Probability Weighting)來處理因身心障礙所可能產生的內生性問題。實證分析發現，戶長身心障礙者或需要長期照護的原住民家庭，家人工作的機率顯著增加。其中，許多原住民家庭的小孩為第二工作者，而照顧生病戶長的工作，可能多數仍由配偶擔負起主要照顧身心障礙者的工作，因此身心障礙者的配偶並未顯著增加其勞動供給。實證結果亦指出，配偶與地區照護資源可能存在替代關係，亦即相對於居住於地區醫療資源貧乏地區的原住民家庭，居住於照護資源充足地區的原住民家庭當家中有身心障礙者時，其配偶工作的機率顯著增加，此結果或許隱含了地區性照護醫療資源有助於分擔身心障礙者家庭的家人照顧的壓力和時間。

Essay 1 : Impact of the 2008-2009 Economic Recession on Low-Economic Status Group: A Look at Household Income and Consumption of Indigenous Aborigines in Taiwan This study assesses the economic impact on income and consumption of the 2008-2009 economic recession on aborigines, the lowest socio-economic status group in Taiwan. Using a unique national representative survey of the aboriginal people in 2006 and 2010, we propose a slightly innovative model which combines the statistical matching and the difference-in-difference method. The results indicate that wage income significantly decreased from 2006 to 2010 for aborigines living in the urban area. With respect to household expenditures, significant reductions are found for electricity and clothes/accessories. In contrast, aborigines spent more money on food products and medical utilization. Essay 2 : The Effects of Government Employment Programs and Self-Migration Decisions on Economic Well-Being of Aborigines in Taiwan To improve economic well-being, aborigines can choose to migrate from rural to urban area. As an alternative, they can decide to participate in government employment assistance programs. This study aims to disentangle the impacts of these two available options on the economic well-being, including earnings, income, hourly wages, and happiness, of aborigines in Taiwan. Using a sample of 1,652 respondents drawn from the Taiwan Indigenous People Survey in 2008, this study estimates a multinomial sample selection model to identify the factors that are associated with aborigines' chooses of rural-urban migration or participation in government employment assistance programs. Moreover, this study distinguishes the effects of these two options on economic well-being of aborigines in Taiwan. Empirical results show that government employment assistance programs can significantly reduce the inequality of economic well-being of aborigines in Taiwan. Essay 3 : Evaluate the Impacts of Disability and Long-Term Care Resources of Family Members’ Labor Supply：Empirical Study of Taiwanese Aborigines In Taiwan, the socioeconomic status and health level of indigenous people are below the ones of their couterparts of non-indigenous groups. The disabled aborigines may have impacts on other family members living in the same family. This paper examines the extent to which disabled aborigines may affect the labor supply of other non-disabled family members. Empirical analysis was conducted based on a sample of 15,432 Taiwanese aborigines drawn from the 2010 Population and Housing Census survey. The Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) method was applied to control for the potential endogenous problem. Empirical results show that a higher participation rate in the labor market is observed for family members living with disabled aborigines. Among others, it is evident that children are more likely to engage in the labor market. In constrast, an insignificant finding is observed for the spouse of the disabled person. These findings implies that secondary workers is children and spouse becomes the primary caregiver. In other words, this paper finds a strong “substitution effect” between the spousal caregiver and local long-term care resources; our estimates imply that abundance of local long-term care resources allows wives increase her labor supply. These findings indicate that local long-term care resources encourage mothers from entering employment. We attribute the local long-term care resources was shared the care pressure and time of the disability family to the other family.