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Title: | 我國社會福利法案的長期趨勢分析 A Study on the Long-term Trend of Taiwan’s Social Welfare Laws |
Authors: | Yu-Cheng Chang 張祐誠 |
Advisor: | 王宏文(Hong-Wung Wang) |
Keyword: | 社會福利,社會福利法案,標的人口,民主化,趨勢分析, social welfare,social welfare laws,target group,democratization,trend analysis, |
Publication Year : | 2020 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | Laswell (1950)認為政治過程就是權力的形成、分配、與運用,展現在現實生活與政治學研究上,就是探討誰得到什麼?何時得到?及如何得到?社會福利法案的一大面向就是針對特定的弱勢人口,給予其幫助以滿足需求,但在臺灣福利發展的歷史上,究竟哪一種弱勢人口得到政府較多的立法?何時獲得政府的福利?不同的民主轉型階段中,政府提供的福利又有何種變化?是本文主要的研究問題。 目前國內有關社會福利的文獻,大多是以特定弱勢人口的角度,探討其福利狀況與制度等;或是以研究方法的角度,如個案工作、社會行政與社工管理、非營利組織等面向來進行分析,比較少從公共政策或政治學的角度來探討社會福利政策立法的問題。 為了回答上述研究問題,本研究蒐集了1949至2016年所通過的社會福利法案,共312筆,接著依據法案的實質修法內容,進行標的人口的分類,區分出老人、軍人、公務人員、教師、勞工、身心障礙或疾病者、農民、未成年、婦女、原住民、中低收入戶、偏鄉或離島居民、全民、與無特定對象,共14種類別;以及福利提供方式的分類,區分出無實質利益、現金給付、實物給付、與對象擴增或時間延長,共4種類別;然後再將民主轉型階段區分成威權主義時期—蔣中正執政與蔣經國執政、民主突破時期、民主鞏固時期、民主深化時期,共5個階段。 研究結果顯示,1949年至2016年,社會福利法案數量最多的對象依序是:勞工、身心障礙或疾病者、中低收入戶;數量最少的分別是偏鄉或離島居民、老人、原住民。進一步將時間因素納入分析,發現威權主義時期的主要立法對象是軍、公、教、勞工,到了蔣經國執政,政府開始給予老人、身心障礙或疾病者、中低收入戶社會福利立法,並且出現了實物給付的福利提供方式。進入民主後,農民、原住民、偏鄉或離島居民才獲得社會福利法案,相對其他標的人口而言較晚。隨著政治發展愈趨穩定,社會福利法案數與標的人口的涵蓋面愈加擴張,社會福利的範圍也更加廣泛。 本研究使用社會福利法案針對過去的研究重新驗證,發現我國社會福利確實具有保守主義之特質,且福利發展確實受到了資本主義體系結構與民主化的影響,但在老人與原住民法案的影響因素上,可能與過去研究有些微差異。 在老人議題中,透過直接觀察其社會福利立法趨勢,檢閱法案之立法緣由,輔以人口統計資料分析後,發現1990年代中期,老年人口占總人口比率已高於7%,我國正式進入高齡化社會,而在修法的提案說明中,開始多以人口結構因素為由,於此,老年人口數可能是影響其社會福利法案數的因素之一。在原住民議題中,發現民主化之後,相關團體與政黨組織更想要消除國民黨過去長期以來,對原住民族制度與文化的歧視,所以開始思考從原住民整體發展的結構面建置相關社會福利,以確保其文化認同、族群平等與自治自決權利,這其中的因素之一,政治意識形態可能在原住民的社會福利法案數中扮演重要角色。 Laswell(1950) believes that political process is how authority been established, divided and used. In other words, for reality and policy analysis, it is necessary to discuss “whom, when and how.” One of the dimensions to social welfare law is that government helps for certain social target groups to satisfy their basic needs. As regards social welfare, it is the thesis in the following chapters. This research will examine who are exactly defined as social target groups to get more official protection, when can they get social welfare and what kind of social welfare does government exactly provide in different periods of democratic transition. The literature on social welfare in Taiwan is mostly based on the perspective of specific disadvantaged populations discussing their welfare status and policy or based on the perspective of research methods to analyze such as case work, social administration and social work management, non-profit organizations, etc. There is little discussion on the issue of social welfare policy legislation from the perspective of public policy or political science. In order to answer the questions, this research has collected 312 social welfare laws passed from 1949 to 2016, classified the target groups based on the substantive amendments of the law and distinguished 14 categories as follows: the elderly, soldiers, civil servants, teachers, labor, persons with disabilities or the illnesses, farmers, minors, women, indigenous peoples, low-income and middle-low-income households, country or outlying islands residents, citizens, and unspecified objects. It can be also distinguished 4 types of welfare provision as intangible benefits, cash benefit, in-kind benefit and expansion with the object or extension of time. Then the democratization is divided into 5 stages of authoritarian regime period: Chiang Chung-Cheng government and Chiang Ching-Kuo government, democratic breakthrough period, democratic consolidation period, democratic deepening period. The results of the study showed that from 1949 to 2016, the subjects with the largest number of social welfare laws were labor, persons with disabilities or illnesses, and low-income and middle-low-income households; the least number of social welfare laws were country or outlying islands residents, the elderly, and indigenous peoples. Moreover, including time factor into analysis, it was found that the main legislative objects in Chiang Chung-Cheng government were the soldiers, civil servants, teachers, and labor. It began to provide social welfare laws for the elderly, persons with disabilities or illnesses, and low-income and middle-low-income households; meanwhile, the way of providing in-kind benefits came up as well. During the transition to democracy, farmers, indigenous peoples, country or outlying islands residents got the social welfare laws, which were relatively late compared to other target groups. As the political development became stable, the coverage of the number of social welfare laws and the target groups had expanded, and the scope of social welfare had become wider. This research uses the social welfare laws to re-verify past research and finds that the characteristic of social welfare in Taiwan is conservatism. Welfare development is indeed affected by the structure of the capitalist system and democratization. However, the influence factors of the elderly’s and indigenous peoples’ laws might be slightly different from previous studies. Regarding to the issue of the elderly, by directly observing the trend of social welfare legislation, reviewing the legislative reasons for the law, and analyzing demographic data, it is found that in the mid-‘90s, the elderly population had increased more than 7% of the total population; that is , Taiwan had entered aging society. In the explanation of the amendments to the law, the demographic factors became as the reason. Therefore, the number of elderly people may be one of the factors affecting the number of social welfare laws. In addition, regarding to the issue of indigenous peoples, it was discovered that, relevant groups and political parties wanted to eliminate KMT long-standing discrimination against indigenous people social systems and cultures after democratization, so they started to think about constructing relevant social welfare from the structural aspect of the overall development to indigenous peoples and ensure their cultural identity, ethnic equality, and the right to self-determination. One of the main factors was that Ideology is the key in the number of social welfare laws for indigenous peoples. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/16855 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202002753 |
Fulltext Rights: | 未授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 公共事務研究所 |
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